Bible Chapters, Facts

Bible Chapters, Facts · One Chapter Books and Up to Four Chapter Books

OT :

50 + 40 + 27 + 36 + 34 + 24 + 21 + 04 + 31 + 24 + 22 + 25 + 29 + 36 + 10 + 13 + 14 + 16 + 16 + 42 + 31 + 12 + 08 + 19 + 51 + 66 + 52 + CL + 05 + 06 + 48 + 14 + 14 + 03 + 09 + 01 + 04 + 07 + 03 + 03 + 03 + 02 + 14 + 04 + 16 + 15 = 924

NT :

28 + 16 + 24 + 21 + 28 + 16 + 16 + 13 + 06 + 06 + 04 + 04 + 05 + 03 + 06 + 04 + 03 + 01 + 13 + 05 + 05 + 03 + 05 + 01 + 01 + 01 + 22 = 260

OT + NT :

924 + 260 = 1184

1184 - 680 (history) = 504 (not history)

I did an earlier calculation on how much of the Bible is history. It added up to 680 chapters.

Chapters per book vary as:

OT
01	02	03	03	03	03	04	04	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	12	13	14	14	14
01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
	14	15	16
	21	22	23
16	16	19	21	22	24	24	25	27	29	31	31	34	36	36	40	42	48	50	51
24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	41	42	43
	52	66	CL
	44	45	46

NT
01	01	01	01	03	03	03	04	04	04	05	05	05	05	06	06	06	13	13	16
01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
	16	16	21	22	24	28	28
	21	22	23	24	25	26	27

  

Whole Bible
01	01	01	01	01	02	03	03	03	03	03	03	03	04	04	04	04	04	04	05
01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
	05	05	05	05	06	06	06	06	07	08	09	10	12
	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33
13	13	13	14	14	14	14	15	16	16	16	16	16	16	19	21	21	22	22	24
34	35	36	37	38	39	40	41	42	43	44	45	46	47	48	49	50	51	52	53
	24	24	25	27	28	28	29	31	31	34	36	36	40
	54	55	56	57	58	59	60	61	62	63	64	65	66
	42	48	50	51	52	66	CL
	67	68	69	70	71	72	73

		OT		NT		Whole Bible
minimum		1		1		1
lower quartile		7		3/4		4
median		16		5		14
higher quartile		31		16		24
maximum		150		28		150

Governors of Indiana, 25 = 2*12

Meaning one of twentyfour people was two of the governors. I am only dealing with the first 25 governors, since after that, I cannot consider their early life conditions as being premodern. Here they are:

Jonathan Jennings

(March 27, 1784 – July 26, 1834)

was the first governor of Indiana and a nine-term congressman from Indiana. Born in either Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia, he studied law before immigrating to the Indiana Territory in 1806. Jennings initially intended to practice law, but took jobs as an assistant at the federal land office at Vincennes and assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature to support himself, and pursued interests in land speculation and politics. Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the eastern part of the Indiana Territory and settled near Charlestown, in Clark County. He was elected as the Indiana Territory's delegate to the U.S. Congress by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters and running as an anti-Harrison candidate. By 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his political allies took control of the territorial assembly and dominated governmental affairs after the resignation of Governor Harrison in 1812. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816, which authorized the organization of Indiana's state government and state constitution. He was elected president of the Indiana constitutional convention, held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong legislative branch of government.

In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first governor of Indiana at age 32, and re-elected for an additional term. He pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the Treaty of St. Mary's to open up central Indiana to American settlement. His opponents attacked his participation in the treaty negotiations as unconstitutional and brought impeachment proceedings against him, a measure that was narrowly defeated by a vote of 15 to 13 after a month-long investigation and the resignation of the lieutenant governor. During his second term and following the panic of 1819, Jennings encountered financial problems, a situation exacerbated by his inability to keep up with his business interests and run the state government simultaneously. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, Jennings looked for other means of financial support. Shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on internal improvements.

Ratliff Boon

(January 18, 1781 – November 20, 1844)

was the second Governor of Indiana from September 12 to December 5, 1822, taking office following the resignation of Governor Jonathan Jennings' after his election to Congress. A prominent politician in the state, Boon was instrumental the formation of the state Democratic Party, and he supported President Andrew Jackson's policies during his six terms representing Indiana in the United States House of Representatives.

William Hendricks

(November 12, 1782 – May 16, 1850)

was a Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1822, the third Governor of Indiana from 1822 to 1825, and an Anti-Jacksonian member of the U.S. Senate from 1825 to 1837. He led much of his family into politics and founded one of the largest political families in Indiana. He was the uncle of Thomas Andrews Hendricks, who was also Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. Hendricks County was named in his honor. His term as governor was spent repairing the state's finances to later enable large scale internal improvements. The establishment of the basic framework of the state's public school system and the transfer of the capital from Corydon to Indianapolis also occurred during his term.

James Brown Ray

(February 19, 1794 – August 4, 1848)

was an Indiana politician and the only Indiana Senate president pro tempore to be elevated to governor of the State of Indiana. Ray served during a time when the state transitioned from personal politics to political parties, but never joined a party himself. Taking office one week before his 31st birthday, he became the state's youngest governor and served from 1825 to 1831, the longest period for an Indiana governor under the state constitution of 1816. During Ray's term as governor the state experienced a period of economic prosperity and a 45 percent population increase. He supported projects that encouraged the continued growth and development of the young state, most notably internal improvements, Native American removal, codification of Indiana's laws, improved county and local government, and expanded educational opportunities. Ray was known for his eccentricity and early promotion of a large-scale railroad system in the state. His support for new railroad construction and alleged involvement in several scandals caused him to lose popularity among voters. Ray's opponents who favored the creation of canals considered railroads to be an impractical, utopian idea. Following Ray's departure from political office, he continued to advocate for a statewide railroad system until his death in 1848.

Noah Noble

(January 15, 1794 – February 8, 1844)

was the fifth Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1831 to 1837. His two terms focused largely on internal improvements, culminating in the passage of the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, which was viewed at the time as his crowning achievement. His taxing recommendations to pay for the improvements were not fully enacted, and the project ultimately led the state to negotiate a partial bankruptcy only a few years later. The debacle led to a gradual collapse of the state Whig party, which never regained control of the government, and led to a period of Democratic control that lasted until the middle of the American Civil War. After his term as governor he was appointed to the Board of Internal Improvement where he unsuccessfully advocated a reorganization of the projects in an attempt to gain some benefit from them.

David Wallace

(April 24, 1799 – September 4, 1859)

was the sixth governor of the US state of Indiana. The Panic of 1837 occurred just before his election and the previous administration, which he had been part of, had taken on a large public debt. During his term the state entered a severe financial crisis that crippled the state's internal improvement projects. He advocated several measures to delay the inevitable insolvency of the state. Because of his connection to the internal improvement platform, his party refused to nominate him to run for a second term. The situation continued to deteriorate rapidly and led to state bankruptcy in his successor's term. After his term as governor, he became a congressman, then chairman of the Indiana Whig party before becoming a state judge, a position he held until his death.

Samuel Bigger

(March 20, 1802 – September 9, 1846)

was the seventh Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from December 9, 1840 to December 6, 1843. Bigger was nominated to run for governor because he had no connection to the failed public works program. The state had entered a severe financial crisis in his predecessor's term and the government became insolvent during his first year in office. He oversaw the state's bankruptcy negotiations, but the bankruptcy he negotiated was only able to return the state to solvency briefly. By the time of his reelection campaign, the Whig Party had become the target of public blame for the debacle, and Bigger was defeated.

James Whitcomb

(December 1, 1795 – October 4, 1852)

was a Democratic United States Senator and the eighth Governor of Indiana. As governor during the Mexican–American War, he oversaw the formation and deployment of the state's levies. He led the movement to replace the state constitution and played an important role at the convention to institute a law that prevented the government from taking loans in response the current fiscal crisis in Indiana. By skillfully guiding the state through its bankruptcy, Whitcomb is usually credited as being one of the most successful of Indiana's governors. He was elected to the United States Senate after his term as governor but died of kidney disease only two years later.

Paris Chipman Dunning

(March 15, 1806 – May 9, 1884)

was a Democratic state representative, state senator, senate president pro tempore, the tenth Lieutenant Governor, and the ninth Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from December 26, 1848 to December 5, 1849. He is the only person to hold to every elected seat in the state government under the 1816 constitution. His brief term as governor was marked by the calling of a state constitutional convention and overshadowed by the national anti-slavery debate, where Dunning urged state leaders to issue and forward resolutions to Congress expressing opposition to the expansion of slavery. As a delegate to the subsequent convention, he successfully advocated legislative and educational reform. As the American Civil War broke out, he left the Democratic party and declared for the Union, personally raising many companies of soldiers for the war effort. He returned to the state senate during the war, and then resumed his law practice after his term ended. He remained popular in the state, and declined several nominations to run for office after retiring from politics.

Joseph Albert Wright

(April 17, 1810 – May 11, 1867)

was the tenth governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from December 5, 1849 to January 12, 1857, most noted for his opposition to banking. His positions created a rift between him and the Indiana General Assembly who overrode all of his anti-banking vetoes. He responded by launching legal challenges to the acts, but was ruled against by the Indiana Supreme Court. The state's second constitutional convention was held during 1850–1851 in which the current Constitution of Indiana was drafted. He was a supporter of the new constitution and gave speeches around the state urging its adoption. He was opposed throughout his term by Senator Jesse D. Bright, the leader of the state Democratic Party.

After his term as governor, he was appointed to serve as United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia where he served until the outbreak of the American Civil War. Although he was a Democrat, he was openly pro-Union during the war, and was elected to serve as a United States Senator, filling the term of Copperhead Jesse D. Bright, who was expelled from the Senate for disloyalty. Following the war he was reappointed to his ambassadorial post where he remained until his death in Berlin, Prussia.

Ashbel Parsons Willard

(October 31, 1820 – October 4, 1860)

was state senator, the 12th Lieutenant Governor, and the 11th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana. His terms in office were marked by increasingly severe partisanship leading to the breakup of the state Democratic Party in the years leading up to the American Civil War. His brother-in-law was involved in John Brown's Raid and was executed. Willard went to the south to advocate unsuccessfully for his release, and became despised by southerners who accused him of having a secret involvement in the raid. He died two months before the start of the war while giving a speech on national unity, and was the first governor of Indiana to die in office.

Abram Adams Hammond

(March 21, 1814 – August 27, 1874)

was the 12th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana. He succeeded to the office upon the death of Governor Ashbel P. Willard and completed the remaining three months of Willard's term.

Henry Smith Lane

(February 24, 1811 – June 19, 1881)

was a United States Representative, Senator, and the 13th Governor of Indiana; he was by design the shortest-serving Governor of Indiana, having made plans to resign the office should his party take control of the Indiana General Assembly and elect him to the United States Senate. He held that office for only two days, and was known for his opposition to slavery. A Whig until the party collapsed, he supported compromise with the south. He became an early leader in the Republican Party starting in 1856 serving as the president of the first party convention, delivering its keynote address, and was influential in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became a full-fledged abolitionist, and in the Senate he was a pro-Union advocate and a strong supporter of the war effort to end the rebellion.

Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton

(August 4, 1823 – November 1, 1877),

commonly known as Oliver P. Morton, was a U.S. Republican Party politician from Indiana. He served as the 14th Governor (the first native-born) of Indiana during the American Civil War, and was a stalwart ally of President Abraham Lincoln. During the war, Morton thwarted and neutralized the Democratic-controlled Indiana General Assembly. He exceeded his constitutional authority by calling out the militia without approval, and during the period of legislative suppression he privately financed the state government through unapproved federal and private loans. He was criticized for arresting and detaining political enemies and suspected southern sympathizers. As one of President Lincoln's "war governors", Morton made significant contributions to the war effort, more than any other man in the state, and earned the lifelong gratitude of former Union soldiers for his support.

During his second term as governor, and after being partially paralyzed by a stroke, he was elected to serve in the U.S. Senate. He was a leader among the Radical Republicans of the Reconstruction era, and supported numerous bills designed to reform the former Southern Confederacy. In 1877, during his second term in the Senate, Morton suffered a second debilitating stroke that caused a rapid deterioration in his health; he died later that year. Morton was mourned nationally and his funeral procession was witnessed by thousands. He is buried in Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery.

Conrad Baker

(February 12, 1817 – April 28, 1885)

was a state representative, 15th Lieutenant Governor, and the 15th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1867 to 1873. Baker had served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, rising to the rank of colonel but resigned following his election as lieutenant governor, during which time he played an important role in overseeing the formation and training of states levies. He served as acting-governor for five months during the illness of Governor Oliver Morton, and was elevated to Governor following Morton's resignation from office. During Baker's full term as governor, he focused primitively on the creation and improvement of institutions to help veterans and their families that had been disaffected by the war. He also championed the post-war federal constitutional amendments, and was able to successfully advocate their acceptance.

Thomas Andrews Hendricks

(September 7, 1819 – November 25, 1885)

was an American politician and lawyer from Indiana who served as the 16th governor of Indiana from 1873 to 1877 and the 21st vice president of the United States from March to November 1885. Hendricks represented Indiana in the U.S. House of Representatives (1851–55) and the U.S. Senate (1863–69). He also represented Shelby County, Indiana, in the Indiana General Assembly (1848–50) and as a delegate to the 1851 Indiana constitutional convention. In addition, Hendricks served as commissioner of the General Land Office (1855–59). Hendricks, a popular member of the Democratic Party, was a fiscal conservative. He defended the Democratic position in the U.S. Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era and voted against the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. He also opposed Radical Reconstruction and President Andrew Johnson's removal from office following Johnson's impeachment in the U.S. House.

James Douglas Williams

(January 16, 1808 – November 20, 1880),

nicknamed Blue Jeans Bill, was an American farmer and Democratic politician who held public office in Indiana for four decades, and was the only farmer elected as the Governor of Indiana, serving from 1877 to 1880. He also spent twenty-eight years in the Indiana General Assembly, and was well known for his frugality and advocacy of agricultural development.

Isaac Pusey Gray

(October 18, 1828 – February 14, 1895)

was the 18th and 20th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1880 to 1881 and from 1885 to 1889. Originally a Republican, he oversaw the forceful passage of the post-American Civil War constitutional amendments whilst he was a member of the Indiana Senate. He became a Democrat following the corruption of the Administration of Ulysses S. Grant but was regularly stymied by his Democratic adversaries who constantly referred to his tactics while a Republican, earning him the nickname "Sisyphus of the Wabash."

Albert Gallatin Porter

(April 20, 1824 – May 3, 1897)

was an American politician who served as the 19th Governor of Indiana from 1881 to 1885 and as a United States Congressman from 1859 to 1863. Originally a Democrat, he joined the Republican Party in 1856 after being expelled by the pro-slavery faction of the Democratic Party. Only the second person born in Indiana to become the state's governor, he reluctantly accepted his party's nomination to run. His term saw the start of Indiana's industrialization that continued for several decades. During the second half of his term a strong Democratic majority took control of the Indiana General Assembly and revoked all of the governor's appointment powers and other authorities, weakening the governors position to its lowest state in the history of the state.

Isaac Pusey Gray

bis

Alvin Peterson Hovey

(September 6, 1821 – November 23, 1891)

was a Union general during the American Civil War, an Indiana Supreme Court justice, congressman, and the 21st Governor of Indiana from 1889 to 1891. During the war he played an important role in the Western theatre, earning high approval from General Ulysses Grant, and uncovered a secret plot for an uprising in Indiana. As governor, he launched several legal challenges to the Indiana General Assembly's removal of his powers, but was mostly unsuccessful. He successfully advocated election reform before he died in office.

Ira Joy Chase

(December 7, 1834 – May 11, 1895)

was a veteran of the American Civil War, a leading member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a prominent Church of Christ evangelist, and the 22nd Governor of Indiana between November 23, 1891 and January 9, 1893.

Claude Matthews

(December 14, 1845 – August 28, 1898)

was the 23rd governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1893 to 1897. A farmer, he was nominated to prevent the loss of voters to the Populist Party. The Panic of 1893 occurred just before he took office, leading to severe economic problems during his term. Republicans took the Indiana General Assembly in the 1894 mid-term election and repudiated many of the Democrats' laws, leading to violence in the assembly. A popular party figure when he left office, he was a nominee to run for president at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, but lost his bid for the nomination to William Jennings Bryan.

James Atwell Mount

(March 24, 1843 – January 16, 1901)

was the 24th Governor of Indiana from 1897 to 1901. His term coincided with the economic recovery following the Panic of 1893, and focused primarily on industrial regulations and advancement of agriculture. As governor during the Spanish–American War, he oversaw the formation as dispatch of the state levies and played an important role in changing national policy to permit African-Americans serve as army officers.

Winfield Taylor Durbin

(May 4, 1847 – December 18, 1928)

was the 25th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1901 to 1905. His term focused on progressive legislation and suppression of white cap vigilante organizations operating in the southern part of the state. He was the seventh and last veteran of the American Civil War to serve as governor.

On 1905, the year when my country's king Oscar II accorded Norway independence without war, I close the study of governors - and while writing this, I haven't even yet read all. I have skimmed much.

Now, here is a close study of lifespans. The second half actually has a median 11 years higher than the first half.

(March 27, 1784 – July 26, 1834)			(February 24, 1811 – June 19, 1881)
(January 18, 1781 – November 20, 1844)			(August 4, 1823 – November 1, 1877)
(November 12, 1782 – May 16, 1850)			(February 12, 1817 – April 28, 1885)
(February 19, 1794 – August 4, 1848)			(September 7, 1819 – November 25, 1885)
(January 15, 1794 – February 8, 1844)			(January 16, 1808 – November 20, 1880)
(April 24, 1799 – September 4, 1859)			(October 18, 1828 – February 14, 1895)
(March 20, 1802 – September 9, 1846)			(April 20, 1824 – May 3, 1897)
(December 1, 1795 – October 4, 1852)			(September 6, 1821 – November 23, 1891)
(March 15, 1806 – May 9, 1884)			(December 7, 1834 – May 11, 1895)
(April 17, 1810 – May 11, 1867)			(December 14, 1845 – August 28, 1898)
(October 31, 1820 – October 4, 1860)			(March 24, 1843 – January 16, 1901)
(March 21, 1814 – August 27, 1874)			(May 4, 1847 – December 18, 1928)
39 44 50 50 54 56 57 60 60 63 68 78 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Median 56/57
	53 54 57 61 66 67 68 70 70 72 73 81 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
	Median 67/68

Now, which of these medians comes closer to the Medieval median lifespan, as I have previously seen it?

For French royalty, the earlier part. See a median 55 in comment for Moyen Âge, Royautés. But for Medieval non-royalty, the second part. See median 65 in second last paragraph in Et le Moyen Âge? Hormis royautés.

My theory for Middle Ages is that royalty had a tougher job (confer US presidents and state governors, these days) and tended to accumulate diseases due to stress earlier, while for instance governors of university of Paris and similar had a calmer job. So, for Indiana governors, one could imagine those born and growing up in 1811 - 1840's were healthier as to general life conditions than those born and growing up in 1780's to 1814. But one could also imagine, the governors after the Civil War up to 1905 had a calmer job than the pioneer governors and Civil War governors.

In any of these statistics, child mortality is not counted. Children don't become ancestors of kings or governors of universities or of Indiana before dying in childhood, if so. We are not talking life expectancy at birth, but the expected age of death for one already capable of meditating that.

One can also imagine, Blue Jeans Bill had an influence for a healthier lifestyle in Indiana Governor's Residence than some earlier ones, one of whom, like C. S. Lewis, died in kidney failure. Not meaning it's a sin to die in kidney failure, or all frugal people are virtuous, but there are different lifestyles leading to different lifespans.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Annunciation Feast
25.III.2019

PS, while I still have not read all of the story of the governors so far cited, I can say why I picked Indiana:

How Did the Tradition of Cutting the Nets in Basketball Start?
Today I Found Out | 24.III.2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fznrVD0oOxg

That's where the great promoter of basketball promoter Everett Case came from./HGL

PPS, if I go to another Mediaval statistic, I'll get a median of 45 for men dying over 14 and 43 for women dying over 12. Raising it to dying over 25th birthday, raises median to 48 for ladies and 49 for gentlemen. But those stats are stats over "children of x" and will include lots who were neither married nor in any tasking office, so not quite comparable.

Φιλολoγικά/Philologica : Age at death
http://filolohika.blogspot.com/2018/05/age-at-death.html

Homeric Truth (Homer vs Dickinson)

Citing a paper at Academia:

Another result of the decipherment of Linear B texts was the totalloss in the academic world of the belief in the “historicity” of the Greeklegends. Oliver Dickinson in his handbook “The Aegean Bronze Age”made the following comment:

The belief in the warlike propensities of Mycenaean society in this period seems in fact to derive largely from the belief that this society is accurately mirrored in the Homeric epics and other legendary material. But the world of Homer’s heroes, in which wealth is essentially represented by livestock and movable treasures, and to acquire these by raiding is not thought at all reprehensible, seems completely at odds with the world of orderly taxation of territories’ produce reflected in the Linear B texts.

The Kingdom of Mycenae
by Jorrit M. Kelder
https://www.academia.edu/218696/The_Kingdom_of_Mycenae

One Jean-Claude Poursat refused the historicity of the Iliad on another ground: Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns had their palaces destroyed before Troy VIIa.

The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors, destroyed in 1275 BC, probably by an earthquake. Its follower Troy VIIa, destroyed by fire at some point during the 1180s BC, was long considered a poorer city, but since the excavation campaign of 1988 it has risen to the most likely candidate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War#Dates_of_the_Trojan_War

Perhaps even before Troy VI.

Let's check the cities. Below I am quoting the wikis I link to:

Tiryns

The first Greek inhabitants—the creators of the Middle Helladic civilization and the Mycenaean civilization after that—settled Tiryns at the beginning of the Middle period (2000–1600 BC), though the city underwent its greatest growth during the Mycenaean period. The Acropolis was constructed in three phases, the first at the end of the Late Helladic II period (1500–1400 BC), the second in Late Helladic III (1400–1300 BC), and the third at the end of the Late Helladic III B (1300–1200 BC). The surviving ruins of the Mycenaean citadel date to the end of the third period. The city proper surrounded the acropolis on the plain below.

Mycenae

By 1200 BC, the power of Mycenae was declining; finally, during the 12th century BC, Mycenaean dominance collapsed entirely. The eventual destruction of Mycenae formed part of the general Bronze Age collapse in the Greek mainland and beyond. Within a short time around 1200 BC, all the palace complexes of southern Greece were burned, including that at Mycenae.

Pylos

The Mycenaean state of Pylos (1600–1100 BC) covered an area of 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) and had a minimum population of 50,000 according to the Linear B tablets discovered there, or even perhaps as large as 80,000–120,000.[14][15] It included the important regional capital of Iklaina (c. 1600–1100 BC).

Specifically Palace of Nestor

The settlement had been long occupied with most artifacts discovered dating from 1300 BC. The palace complex was destroyed by fire around 1200 BC.

Argos

Après les « siècles obscurs », elle supplanta Mycènes. [But doesn't tell if dark centuries began with a fire.]

Troy itself, Troy VIIa

The city of the archaeological layer known as Troy VIIa, which has been dated on the basis of pottery styles to the mid- to late-13th century BC, lasted for about a century, with a destruction layer at c. 1190 BC. It is the most often-cited candidate for the Troy of Homer and is believed to correspond to Wilusa, known from Hittite sources dating to the period of roughly 1300–1250 BC.

So, Troy VIIa was burned in carbon dated 1190.

Most cities in South Greece had been burned in carbon dated 1200.

Jean-Claude Poursat : Homer can't be right, since Achaeans had lost their power base before the Trojan War.

Dickinson (as cited) : Homer can't be right, since Achaeans in power were not cattle raiding Highlanders.

Me : Homer can be right in the main, losing palaces did not necessarily mean losing the power to strike back (if Troy was the destroyer back in 1200 BC). However, the palaces are inserted in his story by anachronism.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
St Victorian
23.III.2019

In Africa sanctorum Martyrum Victoriani, Proconsulis Carthaginis, et duorum germanorum, Aquisregensium; item Frumentii et alterius Frumentii, mercatorum. Hi omnes, in persecutione Wandalica (ut scribit Victor, Africanus Episcopus), sub Ariano Rege Hunnerico, pro constantia catholicae confessionis, immanissimis suppliciis cruciati, egregie coronati sunt.

Badreads?

I learned about the site goodreads promoting a book where smears that might be true of Romulus and Odin are misapplied to Our Lord and His Blessed Mother.

True of Romulus?

Perhaps, some have said that "shewolf" (literal meaning of lupa) was a code word for harlot (other current sense of lupa, hence lupanar for brothel).

True of Odin?

One of my theories of Odin is, he was Yeshu the Sorcerer, formerly Yeshu the Student ... oh wait, Yeshu ben stada was later than Our Lord? Contemporary with Akiva? In that case, it would not even be true of Odin.

The smut here is how Medieval Jews misapplied these memories to Our Lord, in blasphemy.

And now some of them have written a book on the topic again. Or some of their fan club.

Presumably, a lot of them atheist or otherwise anti-Christian.

I am speaking up against the book ""Bad Girls Go To Hell…The Story of Baby Jesus’ Mother, The Virgin Mary" ... I think the parallels given might have given you sufficient idea of what the book is about. Don't buy it, don't read it, don't drink that anti-Christian koolaid. There may be more than one James Ashley, let's not lynch the wrong guy ... I'll try to get in touch, anyway.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
St Longinus, martyr
15.III.2019

Corrected a spelling mistake after signing.

Caesareae, in Cappadocia, passio sancti Longini militis, qui Domini latus lancea perforasse perhibetur.

Est-ce que Maria Valtorta a vu autre chose?

Les tournevis n'existaient pas, qu'on sache, à l'époque de Notre Seigneur:

42.2 - Jésus travaille à un établi de menuisier. Il est en train de raboter des planches qu'il dresse contre le mur en arrière. Puis il prend une sorte de tabouret serré entre les deux mâchoires d'un étau, le dégage, regarde si le travail est au point, le mesure à l'équerre dans tous les sens. Ensuite il va à la cheminée, prend la marmite, y plonge un bâtonnet ou un pinceau, je ne sais. Je ne vois que la partie qui dépasse et ressemble à un bâtonnet.

Le vêtement de Jésus est couleur noisette foncée. Sa tunique est plutôt courte et les manches sont retroussées au-dessus du coude. Il a, par devant, une sorte de tablier où il se frotte les doigts quand il a touché la marmite. Il est seul. Il travaille activement mais avec calme. Aucun mouvement désordonné, aucune impatience. Il est précis et appliqué à son travail. Il ne s'énerve de rien: ni d'un nœud dans le bois qui ne se laisse pas raboter, ni d'un tournevis (me semble-t-il[1]) qui tombe deux fois de l'établi, ni de la fumée qui doit Lui venir dans les yeux.

http://www.maria-valtorta.org/Publication/TOME%2001/01-070.htm

Ah, oui : "[1] Effectivement, il ne s’agit pas d’un tournevis qui n’existait pas à l’époque, mais d’une gouge ou d’un bédane."

Selon les enthousiastes de Maria Valtorta.

Bon, la gouge et la bédane étant des ciseaux à bois et ceux-ci existant depuis l'antiquité, si la vision est génuine, ce qui n'est pas à moi d'en juger, il devrait s'agir de ça.

Je viens de vérifier ceci, puisque le jésuite Mich Pacwa vient de dire qu'elle fait utiliser un tournevis à Notre Seigneur à une époque quand cet instrument n'existait pas.

Les vis, dans l'antiquité, on les utilisait pour:

• élever l'eau de niveau (Archimède, peut-être déjà Sennachérib)
• éventuellement aussi de mettre de force dans des pressoirs.

Les petits vis en métal qu'on utilise pour attacher des choses, c'est une invention médiévale. Certes, le principe de mécanique derrière a été découvert par Archimède, mais l'application à deux planches de bois ou deux parties d'une armure, cette application est médiévale. Et même médiévale tardive, de 1400 ou encore plus tard.

Donc, si elle avait été sûre que l'outil était un tournevis, alors elle aurait eu tort. Certains ciseaux de bois, on les utiliserait (me semble-t-il) en les tenant en main, pour creuser un trou dans le bois, et l'utilisation pourrait ressembler au retournement d'un vis. On peut aussi les utiliser avec un maillet, dans ce cas, une visionnaire aurait vu la différence de l'application et ne l'aurait pas pris pour un tournevis, malgré la similitude de forme. Les gouges, bédanes et autres ciseaux de bois sont un peu plus épais que les tournevis.

Et si le tournage en bois existait, là aussi la gouge est maniée de manière à ne pas permettre confusion avec un tournevis. Mais, ceci n'est pas pas le seul usage d'un ciseau de bois, et il y a des usages, me semble-t-il, qui auraient permis la confusion.

Ce qui me paraît davantage louche est, que les manches d'une tunique antique étaient "retroussées au-dessus du coude" ... normalement, la tunique romaine avait des manches qui s'arrêtait au-dessus du coude, et la tunique longue des Juifs et des Arabes avait des manches un peu trop épais pour retrousser. Autre détail qui semblait telle à Maria Valtorta mais qui était autre chose? Ou aura-t-elle vu des manches d'une chemise presque moderne (sauf la longueur de tunique) retroussées?

Je ne suis pas convaincu, ni d'un côté, ni d'un autre. Mes connaissances en histoire vestimentaire me laissent plutôt sceptique, mais pourraient être incomplètes.

Mais, Valtorta ou pas Valtorta : il y a des gens qui imaginent l'antiquité classique lumineuse et le Moyen Âge sombre et qui ne savent pas que le moulin a vent, le vis pour attacher des choses, la pompe à piston (meilleur que la "pompe à vis" ou le "vis d'Archimède") sont tous attestés depuis le Moyen âge, après Saint Thomas et non avant la suppression de l'académie de Platon par Justinien, ni avant l'assassinat d'Hypatie.

Hans Georg Lundahl
BU de Nanterre
St Euthymius of Sardis
11.III.2019

Référence pour Mich Pacwa:

IS "THE POEM OF THE MAN-GOD" SIMPLY A BAD NOVEL?
by Father Mitch Pacwa, S.J.
http://www.ewtn.com/library/scriptur/valtorta.txt

Et pour l'histoire du vis:

The Screw | Year of Invention: 235 BC
https://books.google.fr/books?id=0gBwjLTUzEMC&pg=PA6&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Du livre

100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time
De Kendall F. Haven
https://www.amazon.fr/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=9781591582649

Erratum: des manches qui s'arrêtait au-dessus du coude, doit être des manches qui s'arrêtaient au-dessus du coude

En plus j'ai mis le saint du jour en anglais pour un article en français ... bon, j'ai eu des gens qui m'ont interrompu le sommeil cette nuit. Gardien de sécurité, un homme qui rentre tard./HGL

This Could Not Have Happened Among Just Any Pagans

Why Ash Wednesday? Why Ashes?
By Andrea Philips on Return to Order, Ash Wednesday 2019
http://www.returntoorder.org/2018/02/ash-wednesday-ashes/?PKG=RTOE0632

The custom initiated back in the early Middle Ages when repentant public sinners submitted to forty days of penance. The bishop blessed the hairshirts, and the ashes which, after biblical penitential custom, were poured over the sinners’ heads. In time, all Christians whether public or private sinners, wished to benefit from the practice.

OK, you are in school. Teacher tells someone to get into the corner with a dunce's hat on the head.

"Hey, we all want to get into the corner! We want dunce's hat's too!"

Somehow this tells me, the teacher has been a real gentleman about handing out the dunce's hat, and it also tells me, he has been a genius in teaching solidarity and humility.

Obviously, the ashes are not really a dunce's hat - they are something nobler, a sacramental.

You can even eat ashes, they are not poisonous if they are from a fire purely of wood, of a normal wood. Some French eat goat cheese with ashes on them, and yes, it tastes good. You can't do that with a dunce's hat.

And the teacher has no authority to spiritually bless it as a sacramental.

Now compare, how is the dunce's hat used in modern schools? Is the one who is supposed to humble himself sometimes too humiliated by others to not feel resentment and pride instead? I think so. That is part of why the Columbine school shooting happened, with or without physical dunce's hats.

Among pagans, perhaps just Buddhists could pull sth like that off, and even they not really, since they are not quite into what Christians call penance.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Ash Wednesday
6.III.2019

Is Ulimaroa the Biggest or Only Third Biggest Island?

And if Ulimaroa is as much a misnomer as Australia for that island, what should one name it?

Anyway, ABC does admit Ulimaroa as name for the island North of van Diemen's Land / Tasmania and stretching both North and West from there, actually does exist:

Ulimaroa: a misnomer for Australia
Saturday 11 February 2012 3:45PM
https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/linguafranca/2012-02-11/3824592

H/T to wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulimaroa

Now, while maps as such may have ceased being printed with Ulimaroa there in 1820, there is also a Swedish geography book, a few decades later on, from when Texas was free from Mexico but not yet a State of US. That is, between 1836 and 1844. According to above source, Ulimaroa would be a misnomer for Australia, but according to the geography book (which did not take over Daniel Djurberg's excentricities in other respects) Australia would be a misnomer for Ulimaroa.

I'd agree on this one, since the "world part" Australia (one can call Africa, Asia and Europe three world parts but one continent, up to Suez canal which separated Africa from it, Ural obviously not being a sea separating European Russia from Siberia) would be synonym with Oceania, and also cover not only Tasmania, New Zealand, Guam, but also Easter Island. On the other hand "Commonwealth of Australia" involves two main islands, "Ulimaroa" however much it might be a misnomer, and Tasmania.

So, calling "Ulimaroa" Australia is like, first, calling United States "America" and second forget that Alaska and Hawaii are states too. It's the equivalent of saying "there are 48 states in America".

And calling it a continent is like calling Pluto a planet - except the other way round. Pluto was accepted as planet since its discovery, but our possibly biggest island on Earth was not accepted as a continent from discovery (though in pre-discovery days it was as much foreseen as a continent, as Columbus foresaw a straight sea voyage from Azores to Japan or China).

But, is it the biggest island in Oceania, or is it only the third biggest island after the two main islands in the world part Americas? Those that were one island previous to Panama canal?

The question is not so much about how these things are adressed in everyday life, it may have some importance to Biblical exegesis as to geographical placing of famous four corners. You know, the ones in Apocalypse 7:1.

However, it is not totally decisive, since islands could be not excluded from placing of four corners. I mean, is it "four corners of the continent" or "four corners of the continent with surrounding islands"? Either way, since both Erets and Terra have the meaning "land" as in "dry land" we are not required to suppose it is the four corners in space, it is four corners protruding into the seas, and these form (with the land) the kind of circle which does not narrow down to a visibly identified oval or ellipse from any angle, since it is replaced by other circles as outer contour of a globe. Either way, identifying the four corners kind of is of some importance to identifying Apocalyptic action in chapter 7 verse 1. I have heard that some target Islam as automatically dangerous because it is Apocalyptic. Wrong move, if it means stamping Apocalyptic Christians as dangerous. The right thing is to understand the Apocalypse correctly.

To get back to naming question, one could always semi-transcribe Nieuw Holland to New Holland for the biggest island in Commonwealth of Australia.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
St. Casimir of Vilnius
4.III.2019