Why is St. Erasmus St. Elmo in Italian?

New blog on the kid: Why Did Tolkien Love Trees? · Φιλολoγικά/Philologica: Why is St. Erasmus St. Elmo in Italian?

First, I'm going out on a limb on citing a name from memory.

Heremod seems to have been on some point pronounced Herismod. I may be wrong, and I couldn't find it. Or even simpler, Erasmo was at some point pronounced Eramo, close enough to Heremod without an -s- inside. Because Italian tended to lose -s after vowel. Late Latin on a colloquial level had two cases, and for masculines of the second declinsion, the nominative singular and accusative plural both ended in -os (variously spelled -os or -us), while the accusative singular was -o and the nominative plural -i. Italian kept the two forms without an s, so, Erasmos could have been pronounces Eramo at some point.

Here is where Heremod comes in. It sometimes shortens to Hermod (in Norse myth the herald of the gods, probably after Hermes), and that sounds well within the reach of Ermo, one of the Italian versions of Erasmus.

And the other one? Helmut has an L were Hermod has an R, and so Helmut would be pronounced Elmo, precisely as Hermod would have been pronounced Ermo.

Since Helmut first was a given name, but since the 1500's also exists as a surname, we can take it Helmut is Medieval. Old enough, perhaps, to explain Elmo.

And, at least in the combination "fuoco di Sant'Elmo" the phrase is noted from the 1560's so presumably after the earlist mentions of Helmut./HGL

Eugene of Savoy

It so happens that Eugene of Savoy was twice at least beating Turks. Vienna, 1683, along John III Sobieski, and Belgrade 1688. No one will suspect him of being a Muslim. Nevertheless, he will be from a culture having one trait which today is actually often associated with Muslims.

1) Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy-Carignano (18 October 1663 – 21 April 1736)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy
unmarried

Following ancestors are traced from the above article, by the fact that both he himself and quite a few of his ancestors have "father" and "mother" noted on the article. He will actually have an incomplete genealogy, nearly as incomplete as on English wikipedia, but he will have a pretty big genealogy anyway. We are, including himself, dealing with 51 persons, at least.

Parents

2) Prince Eugene Maurice of Savoy-Carignano, 2 March 1635 – 6 June 1673
3) Olympia Mancini, Countess of Soissons, 11 July 1638 – 9 October 1708
married Olympia was married on 24 February 1657 to Prince Eugène-Maurice of Savoy, Count of Soissons (1633–1673), by whom she had eight children, amongst whom was the famous field marshal Prince Eugene of Savoy.

The "married" notice will usually be from the wiki on the lady, if there is one.

Grandparents

4) Thomas Francis of Savoy, Prince of Carignano, 21 December 1596 – 22 January 1656
5) Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons, 3 May 1606 – 3 June 1692
married
On 6 January 1625, Marie was married to Thomas Francis,[1] ninth child of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and his wife Catherine Michaela of Austria.

6) Michele Lorenzo Mancini, Roma, 1602 – Roma, 5 luglio 1650
7) Girolama Mazzarini, Rome, 1608 or 1614 – Paris, 29 December 1656
married
Geronima married an Italian aristocrat, Baron Lorenzo Mancini, (1602–1650), son of Paolo Lucio Mancini and Vittoria Capoccii, on 6 August 1634.

Greatgrandparents

8) Charles Emmanuel I, Rivoli, 12 January 1562 – Savignano, 26 July 1630
9) Catalina Micaela of Spain (Madrid, 10 October 1567 – Turin, 6 November 1597)
married
The wedding took place in Zaragoza on 11 March 1585, and the couple made their entrance to Turin in Savoy on 10 August 1585.

10) Charles de Bourbon (3 November 1566 – 1 November 1612)
11) Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, (21 July 1577 – 17 June 1644)
married
On 27 December 1601, she married Charles de Bourbon, Count of Soissons, son of Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé and Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville, a Prince of the Blood, who was also a military commander during the French Wars of Religion.

12) Francesco Alessandro Paolo Mancini, Abt 1580 - Abt 1637
13) Vittoria Capoccii
married
[unknown]

14) Pietro Mazzarino, o Mazzarini (Palermo, 1576 – Roma, 4 febbraio 1654),
15) Ortensia Bufalini (1575 – 1644)
married
[before 1602]

Great-greatgrandparents

16) Emmanuel Philibert, Chambéry, 8 July 1528 – Turin, 30 August 1580
17) Margaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry, St. Germain-en-Laye, 5 June 1523 – Turin, 15 September 1574
married
Shortly before her 36th birthday, a marriage was finally arranged for her by her brother King Henry II of France and her former suitor Philip II as part of the terms stipulated in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis which was signed by the ambassadors representing the two monarchs on 3 April 1559. ... The wedding took place in tragic circumstances. On 30 June just three days after her marriage contract had been signed, King Henry was gravely injured during a tournament celebrating the wedding of his eldest daughter Elisabeth to the recently widowed King Philip. ... Margaret and her husband had only one surviving child: Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy who was born in January 1562, when Margaret was 38 years of age.

18) Philip II of Spain, Pimentel, 21 May 1527 – El Escorial, 13 September 1598
19) Elisabeth of Valois, Fontainebleau, 2 April 1546[1] – Aranjuez, 3 October 1568
married
Elisabeth married Philip II of Spain on 22 June 1559.

20) Louis de Bourbon, 1st Prince of Condé (Vendôme, 7 May 1530 – Jarnac, 13 March 1569)
21) Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville, Princess of Condé (Châteaudun 5 April 1549 – Paris 11 June 1601)
married
On 8 November 1565, in the Château de Vendôme, Françoise married Louis I de Bourbon, Prince of Condé,[1] the youngest brother of King Antoine of Navarre and a Huguenot general. ... After the night of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre on 23 August 1572, she and her son quickly converted to Roman Catholicism to avoid persecution and possible assassination.

22) Louis (ou Ludovic) de Montafié, ??
23) Jeanne de Coësmes, princesse de Conti, dame de Lucé et de Bonnétable, née en 1560 [ou 1555], décéda le 27 décembre 1601[1] à Saint-Mars-de-Locquenay.
married:
D'abord mariée en 1574 à Louis (ou Ludovic) de Montafié, seigneur piémontais, comte de Montafié et Carignan, elle eut deux filles, Urbaine et Anne de Montafié. Après l'assassinat de son mari, alors capitaine du roi Henri III, à Aix-en-Provence le 6 octobre 1577, elle devint la première épouse de François de Bourbon, prince de Conti en 1582.

24—31) unknown

great-great-great-grandparents

32) Charles III of Savoy (10 October 1486 – 17 August 1553),
33) Infanta Beatrice of Portugal (Portuguese: Beatriz 31 December 1504 – 8 January 1538)
married
In Villefranche-sur-Mer on 29 September 1521, Beatrice married Duke Charles III of Savoy.

34) Francis I of France, 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547
35) Claude of France, 13 October 1499 – 26 July 1524
married
On 9 January 1514, when her mother died, Claude became Duchess of Brittany; and four months later, on 18 May, at the age of 14, she married her cousin Francis at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

36) HRE Charles V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558)
37) Isabella of Portugal, 24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539
married
In January 1526, Isabella traveled to Spain.[5] Upon her arrival, she met the Duke of Calabria, the Archbishop of Toledo and the Duke of Béjar at the Spanish-Portuguese border. They escorted her to Seville, where she would wait a week for Charles. In the end, their wedding took place the very next day just after midnight on 11 March in the Palace of Alcázar of Seville.

38) Henry II of France, 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559
39) Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589)
married
The wedding, a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift-giving,[22] took place in the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533.

40) Charles de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme (2 June 1489 – 25 March 1537)
41) Frances of Alençon (1490 – 14 September 1550)
married
[In 1505, Françoise married Francis II, Duke of Longueville.] On 18 May 1513, Françoise married, secondly, Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme.

42) François d'Orléans, né le 2 mars 1513 à Châteaudun où il meurt le 25 octobre 1548 (à 35 ans), est un seigneur français de la Renaissance.
43) Jacqueline de Rohan-Gié (née vers 1520, morte en 1587), vicomtesse de Melun et dame de plusieurs seigneuries par son mariage avec François d'Orléans-Longueville,
married
elle se marie à Lyon, le 19 juillet 1536, à François d'Orléans (1513-1548) (2 mars 1513 - 25 octobre 1548), marquis de Rothelin (cadet des Orléans-Longueville, comtes de Neuchâtel ; il est le troisième fils de Jeanne de Bade-Hochberg-Neuchâtel et du duc Louis Ier), prince de Châtelaillon, vicomte de Melun et lieutenant de la compagnie de Longueville (1513-1548).

44—47) unknown
48—63) unknown

Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandparents

64) Philip II (5 February 1438 – 7 November 1497), known as the Landless, was Duke of Savoy from 1496 until his death in 1497
65) Claudine de Brosse (1450 – 13 October, 1513)
married
Claudine married Philip II, Count of Bresse on 11 November, 1485. She was his second wife, following the death of Margaret of Bourbon in 1483.

66) Manuel I (31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521), known as the Fortunate, was King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521.
67) Maria of Aragon (29 June 1482 – 7 March 1517) was Queen of Portugal from 30 October 1500 until her death in 1517 as the second wife of King Manuel I. Manuel was the widower of Maria's elder sister, Isabella.
married
Manuel and Maria were married in Alcácer do Sal on 30 October 1500,[3] and Maria was granted Viseu and Torres Vedras as her dower.

68) Charles of Orléans (1459 – 1 January 1496) (French: Charles d'Orléans) was the Count of Angoulême from 1467 until his death.
69) Louise of Savoy (11 September 1476 – 22 September 1531) was a French noble and regent, Duchess suo jure of Auvergne and Bourbon, Duchess of Nemours and the mother of King Francis I and Marguerite of Navarre.
married
At age eleven, Louise married Charles of Orléans, Count of Angoulême, on 16 February 1488 in Paris, though she only began living with him when she was fifteen. Despite her husband having two mistresses, the marriage was happy, and they shared a love of books.

70) Louis XII (27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515), also known as Louis of Orléans, was King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples (as Louis III) from 1501 to 1504.
71) Anne of Brittany (Breton: Anna; 25/26 January 1477[1] – 9 January 1514[2]) was suo jure Duchess of Brittany from 1488 until her death, and Queen of France from 1491 to 1498 and again from 1499 to her death. She was the only woman to have been queen consort of France twice.
married
Anne's third marriage contract, signed the day of her marriage (Nantes, 7 January 1499), was concluded under conditions radically different from those of the second. She was no longer a child, but a Dowager Queen, and determined to ensure the recognition of her rights as sovereign Duchess from that point forward. Although her new husband exercised the ruler's powers in Brittany, he formally recognized her right to the title "Duchess of Brittany" and issued decisions in her name.

72) Philip the Handsome (22 June/July 1478 – 25 September 1506), also called Philip the Fair, was ruler of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, including the counties of Artois, Burgundy and Charolais from 1493, and the first king of Castile from the House of Habsburg in 1506.
73) Joanna or Joan (also known as Joanna the Mad or Joan the Mad[1]; Spanish: Juana la Loca; 6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555) was queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555. married
In 1496, 16-year-old Joanna was betrothed to 18-year-old Philip of Austria, in the Low Countries. ... Joanna began her journey to Brabant in the Low Countries, which consisted of parts of the present day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany, on 22 August 1496. The formal marriage took place on 20 October 1496 in Lier, north of present-day Brussels. Between 1498 and 1507, she gave birth to six children, two boys and four girls, all of whom grew up to be either emperors or queens.

74—75 = 66—67
76—77 = 34—35

78) Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (12 September 1492 – 4 May 1519) was the ruler of Florence from 1516 until his death in 1519. He was also Duke of Urbino during the same period.
79) Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (1498 – 28 April 1519), was the penultimate representative of the senior branch of an ancient French House of La Tour d'Auvergne. She is best known for being the mother of Catherine de' Medici, the future Queen of France.
married
Madeleine married Duke Lorenzo II de' Medici in Château d'Amboise on 5 May 1518.

80) Francis or François de Bourbon (c. 1470 – 30 October 1495), Count of Vendôme, was a French prince du sang.
81) Marie of Luxembourg-Saint-Pol (c. 1472 — 1 April 1547) was the ruling Countess Regnant of Soissons and Saint-Pol between 25 October 1482 and 1 April 1547. She was additionally made Countess consort of Vendôme through her marriage to Francis, Count of Vendôme.
married
Marie's status and part of her French inheritance were restored upon her remarriage to Francis de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme, a prince du sang, in 1487.

82) René of Alençon (1454 – 1 November 1492) was a French nobleman. He succeeded his father Jean II of Alençon as Duke of Alençon.
83) Margaret of Lorraine, Duchess of Alençon (1463 at the castle of Vaudémont, Lorraine – 2 November 1521 in Argentan, Normandy) was a French noblewoman and a nun of the order of Poor Clares (Ordre des Clarisses). She was beatified in 1921.
married
When [her grandfather] died in 1480, she was sent back to Lorraine to her brother, René II. He arranged her marriage to René, Duke of Alençon, whom she wed in Toul on 14 May 1488.

84) Louis (Lewis) I d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville (1480 – Beaugency, 1 August 1516), was a French aristocrat and general, Grand Chamberlain of France and governor of Provence.
85) Johanna of Hachberg-Sausenberg (French: Jeanne de Hochberg; between 1485 and 1487 – 23 September 1543) was Countess regnant of Neuchâtel from 1503 to 1512 and again from 1529 until her death.
married
Born between 1485 and 1487, Johanna was the daughter of Philip of Hachberg, Count of Neuchâtel and Maria of Savoy. She inherited the rule of Neuchâtel from her father in 1503. In 1504, Johanna married Louis I d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville. As was the custom with female rulers at the time, her husband became her co-ruler.

86) Charles de Rohan, né vers 1478, mort le 6 mai 1528, fut seigneur de Gié, vicomte de Fronsac, comte de Guise et d'Orbec, seigneur du Verger et de Sablé.
87) Giovanna di Sanseverino (1479 - 1543)
married
Da er mit Charlotte d’Armagnac kinderlos blieb, heiratete er in zweiter Ehe Giovanna di Sanseverino, die Tochter von Bernardino di Sanseverino, Fürst von Bisignano, und Eleonore (Dianora) Todeschini Piccolimini d‘Aragona ... 1514?

88—127) unknown

And the summings up:

Men married
14 17 18 19 22 22 23 23 23 24 25 25 26 28 28 29 31
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

32 34 34 35 36 47
18 19 20 21 22 23

Min 14, Lower Quartile 22.5, Median 25,
Higher Quartile 31.5, Max 47

Women married
14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 21 22
11 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 21
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

23 25 26 27 35 35
22 23 24 27 35 35
19 20 21 22 23 24

Min 11 or 14 (depending on how you count), Lower Quartile, 15.5 or 16, Median, 17.5 or 18,
Higher Quartile 21.5 or 22.5, Max 35

Men died
25 26 28 35 36 36 38 38 38 40 47 48 50 52 52 52 52 57 57
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

58 59 59 66 68 71 72
20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Min 25, Lower Quartile 38, Median 51,
Higher Quartile 58, Max 72

Women died
21 22 24 26 30 33 34 35 46 48 51 52 55 60 63 64 67 68
20 22 24 26 30 33 34 35 41 42 51 52 55 60 63 64 66 67
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

68 69 69 70 73 76 86
68 69 69 70 72 76 86
19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Min 20 or 21, Lower Quartile 34, Median 55,
Higher Quartile 68, Max 86

You may have noticed for "women married" that one of them formally married at 11 and began marital relations at 15. This means the minimum of "women married" is 11 years on the lower version, while the same person is third from left with 15 on the higher version. In the lower version, 4 women were married under 15, in the higher version 2. In the lower version further 6 are 15 or 16, and in the higher version that's seven.

Someone back in the 60's or 1960 itself made a case study of one Anglican or Puritan diocese mostly during the Civil War and Cromwell eras of England. He then concluded that while canon law permitted early marriages, this permission was rarely used. Married by 15 is 1/12 through 1/6. Married by 17 is 3/8 to 5/12. For men, unsurprisingly, ages are higher and only one man marries age 14 out of 23. Next older man was 17. The reason is, men have to be breadwinners (including as military vassals getting paid through their property) and that takes more time than reaching the canonic age.

There are things in Islam I don't like and there are things in radical Islam I don't like. But I'm not crusading, nor would Eugene of Savoy have done so, because many radical Muslims are no fans of European 18 or US (some states) 21 as minimal marriage age for a woman.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
Immaculate Heart of Mary
22.VIII.2026

Octava Assumptionis beatae Mariae Virginis. Festum Immaculati Cordis ejusdem beatae Virginis Mariae

Le suédois n'est pas une langue slave

Elle est une langue germanique, plus précisément germanique du nord.

Si du Nord en Sud (omettant les colonies) on énumère les langues germaniques qui sont aujourd'hui langue officielle d'un pays souverain (ou de plus qu'un) en entier, ce sont :

• langues germaniques du nord
  
  
  • icelandais
  • norvégien nouveau
  • norvégien du livre
  • suédois
  • danois
  
  
  
• langues germaniques de l'ouest
  
  
  • anglais
  • néerlandais
  • allemand.

Prenons les phrases "À Yahweh est la terre et ce qu’elle renferme," / "Au Seigneur est la terre et ce qu'elle renferme" (Psaume 23/24 verset 1) et "à terre et à mer" ... et ensuite en Polonais, une langue slave.

• langues germaniques du nord
  
  
  • icelandais
    Drottni heyrir jörðin og allt sem á henni er
    á landi og sjó
  • norvégien nouveau
    Jordi høyrer Herren til - og alt det som fyller henne,
    ?
  • norvégien du livre
    Jorden og det som fyller den, hører Herren til,
    på land og sjø
  • suédois
    Jorden och allt som uppfyller den tillhör Herren,
    till lands och hafs
  • danois
    Jorden med alt, hvad den rummer, ... tilhører Herren,
    på land og til søs
  
  
  
• langues germaniques de l'ouest
  
  
  • anglais
    The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof:
    on land and sea
  • néerlandais
    De aarde is des Heeren, mitsgaders haar volheid,
    te land en ter zee
  • allemand.
    Dem HERRN gehört die Erde und was sie erfüllt,
    zu Land und Meer

Polonais
Do Pana należy ziemia i to, co ją napełnia,
na lądzie i na morzu

Je pense que c'est assez évident que les langues germaniques tiennent ensemble. Y compris donc mon suédois. Et non pas avec le polonais ou les autres langues slaves. J'étais surpris que celles-ci aussi distinguaient deux mots pour "terre" ... si le mot en polonais est emprunté de l'allemand, le mot en russe veut dire "sur le sec" ...

Donc, contrairement à "terre" utilisé pour les deux conceptes, ce n'est pas juste le germanique, mais également le slave, au moins moderne, qui utilise deux mots différents.

Le français et l'hébreu en utilisent un seul.

Pour un Hébreu des temps anciens et pour un Français, l'Apocalypse 7:1 ne va pas impliquer platisme.

Après cela, je vis quatre anges qui étaient debout aux quatre coins de la terre ;

Il va simplement comprendre ce que les langues germaniques appellent "land" et que ça diffère du globe dont la superficie comporte aussi la mer.

Mais un Russe et un Américain auraient alors attendu un autre mot que "earth" ou "zemlia" et la traduction donne justement "earth" et "zemlia" ou en polonais "zemia"

After these things, I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth,
Potem ujrzałem czterech aniołów stojących na czterech narożnikach ziemi
След това видях четири ангела, които стояха на четирите ъгъла на земята и държаха четирите земни ветрове,

La solution est bien entendu, parfois la traduction est très mot par mot. Ici, elle imite le choix de mots en hébreu, où pour "land" ou "sukhoy" on a le mot "eretz" comme pour "earth" et "zemlia" ... et le français est comme le hébreu, "terre" ...

Mais "germaniques du nord" et "de l'ouest" ... c'est pas un couple égal, ça ... ? Non, les langues germaniques de l'est sont le burgondien, autrefois parlé à Worms et à Dijon (aux temps d'Attila et de Sainte Clothilde), le vandal, parlé en Tunisie avant les Arabes, et surtout le gothique, parlé en Italie et en Espagne par des aristocrates comme Théodéric le Grand ou par Rodéric.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
Sainte Jeanne-Françoise Frémiot de Chantal*
21.VIII.2026

Sanctae Joannae Franciscae Fremiot de Chantal, Ordinis Sanctimonialium Visitationis sanctae Mariae Institutricis, cujus natalis dies Idibus Decembris memoratur.

Marginal Note by Galileo?

Letter to Madame Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion & Science
https://inters.org/Galilei-Madame-Christina-Lorraine

The text given is the one printed in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, 1957.

The footnote states there was a marginal note by Galileo attributing it to Baronius.

Now, here is the actual passage with the quote and the footnote:

I would say here something that was heard from an ecclesiastic of the most eminent degree: “That the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how heaven goes.” (8)

(8) A marginal note by Galileo assigns this epigram to Cardinal Baronius (1538-1607). Baronius visited Padua with Cardinal Bellarmine in 1598, and Galileo probably met him at that time.

Now, this connection to Cardinal Bellarmine may mean Baronius said so during the Giordano Bruno affair. Not the Galileo affair.

He was not one of the judges of Bruno, but as Bellarmine was, it could be about whether heliocentrism belonged among the otherwise already heavy charges. However, in this case it was Bellarmine who decided and was designated by the Church to do so, not Baronius.

Cojudging was a cardinal Camillo Borghese, the future Pope Paul V, under whom the first Galileo affair (involving Sidereus Nuntius, not himself, as suspect) was decided.

Now a certain Firpo* probably basing himself on a summary of the process** as given by wikipedians states that the final charges probably were:

• holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith and speaking against it and its ministers;
• holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith about the Trinity, the deity of Christ, and the Incarnation;
• holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith pertaining to Jesus as the Christ;
• holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith regarding the virginity of Mary, mother of Jesus;
• holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith about both Transubstantiation and the Mass;
• claiming the existence of a plurality of worlds and their eternity;
• believing in metempsychosis and in the transmigration of the human soul into brutes;
• dealing in magics and divination.

The heliocentric part associated with Bruno relates to "plurality of worlds and their eternity" (classic atheist world view after Newton from Kant to just before the Big Bang theory), and an English translator of Copernicus had removed the sphere of the Fix Stars as an optical and logical illusion, a rotating universe can't have infinite extention, since infinitely above earth would need infinite speed = instantaneously, but if the rotation is Earth's, this inhibition of an infinite universe disappears, and the view of it as an inner side of a shell also becomes secondary to "Earth's movement" ...

That in turn relates to how God moves "each universe" (as in planet system around a star), where the Thomistic view favoured a direct act of an external or quasi externa agent, Bruno would have a much more immenentistic view of how each planets in each solar system (or world) is moved, making stars quasi-incarnations of the Son and the movement a manifestation of the Third Person acting as "world soul" ...

This is how Prima Via*** goes wrong when Heliocentrics tend to it. At its worst.

Now, it seems this letter was not a private letter, though I have not seen any cover of a print earlier than Trier, M DC XXXVI, 1636, that cover being on the above link as an illustration, and by then he would have already been a prisoner, and I have seen a handwritten form on the related page.°

I was told in a mail that the marginal note was in Galileo's example of the printed edition, but these pages do not allow per se the conclusion that he actually had one.

It could have been a marginal note on the handwritten letter, and if so, there is a possibility that Galileo gave a false trail. Barberini was his friend, but demanded discretion. And if he had started writing "Barberini" and got as far as "Bar" he may have changed his mind to "Baronius" to cover up the actual man.

But what remains absolutely certain is, Baronius cannot have said it in the Galileo controversy, even if Galileo cited him then, because he had already died.

It may be noted that Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion & Science is cofunded by Pontificia Università della Santa Croce and, of all things, the Templeton World Charity Foundation. Notorious for promoting anti-Fundamentalist positions, including to Roman Catholic clergy.°° The Pontificia Università della Santa Croce is taking grants from a Liberal Theologian Calvinist. Will I be able to get confirmed that Galileo actually ever had a printed copy? When, where, in what circumstances? Was the marginal note perhaps to the 1636 edition in order to cover up for Urban VIII? I don't know. I very much would like to know, also, what was the first edition which included any foot- or marginal note about Galileo making a marginal note.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
St. Agapitus
18.VIII.2026

Praeneste natalis sancti Agapiti Martyris, qui cum esset annorum quindecim, et amore Christi ferveret, jussu Aureliani Imperatoris tentus, ac primo nervis crudis diutissime caesus, deinde sub Antiocho Praefecto graviora supplicia passus; exinde cum ex praecepto Imperatoris leonibus objiceretur, et minime laesus esset, gladio ministrorum coronandus percutitur.

PS, forgot the author of the book:

Source publishing

Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, edited by Stillman Drake (New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1957), pp. 173-216. Original Italian text published in Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale edited by Antonio Favaro (Firenze: Giunti-Barbera, 1968), vol. V, pp. 309-348. Translation and footnotes by Stillman Drake, and confronted with the original Italian source Lettera a Cristina di Lorena, in Opere di Galileo Galilei

.

PPS, I'm not impressed by other content in the Letter, but that can wait to some other time./HGL

* Firpo, Luigi (1993). Il processo di Giordano Bruno (in Italian). Salerno. ISBN 978-88-8402-135-9.
** "II Sommario del Processo di Giordano Bruno, con appendice di Documenti sull'eresia e l'inquisizione a Modena nel secolo XVI", edited by Angelo Mercati, in Studi e Testi, vol. 101.
*** The five ways or Quinque Viae are St. Thomas' proofs that God exists. First part of the Summa, Q 2, A 3. The "first way" is the one from movement.

° Galileo Galilei’s Letter to Madame Christina of Lorraine: a reading-guide
Luca Arcangeli, Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion & Science
https://inters.org/galilei-letter-Christina-lorraine-reading-guide

°° Follow the money … from the Templeton Foundation
By Rev. Jim Witteveen | Published 20 Jul, 2017
https://creation.com/en/articles/follow-the-money

Jordanes' Origin Story Confirmed by Genetics, in Part

Ancient DNA Just Solved the 2,000-Year-Old Mystery of the Goths
Evo Inception | 3 May 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-AetBGnDtA

Good Books and Books

C. S. Lewis commented on a library which divided its books into two categories.

Good Books.
Books.

Famous Five would certainly be books, and so would P. G. Woodehouse. But not Tristram Shandy.

Good Books was more elusive. What quality is it that some books have at once (Ulysses or Finegan's Wake by James Joyce) and others acquire by age?

Difficulty.

This is the reverse of an observation on Homer, by Honor Cargill-Martin:

Who really wrote the Odyssey and the Iliad? Ancient historian answers your questions about Homer
Honor Cargill-Martin | 10 Aug. 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mk4TTFJJDfo

Once upon a time, Homer would have been "Books" ... or in her words:

So people are literally being raised on this stuff and that means that the texts are very familiar to them. They're not intimidated by them.

CSL intended to get people to stop frowning on popular literature (provided it isn't unchaste or over the top cruel), and Honor Cargill-Martin's observation comes in pretty handy in this context.
/HGL

---

PS, from the same essay, CSL mentioned that the Classics tend to be either very popular popular literature, or very "urgent" literature of a patriotic or religious type (so "urgent" it becomes popular). The Ghettysburgh adress, the Apologia pro Vita Sua and Mark Twain are examples of the three types. To me at least. As to future Classics, CSL mentioned as possibilities P. G. Woodehouse and The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan./HGL

PPS, given The Thirty-Nine Steps have been filmed in 2008 by BBC, earlier in 1935 by Hitchcock and then again there was a parody on the Hitchcock film written and rewritten in 1996—2005, I think CSL was spot on .../HGL

C'est quoi "Marran Nordique" ?

En suédois on ne dirais jamais "nordisk marran" on dirait "judisk Christen" ou "christen Jude" en présumant que la personne soit aussi de la Suède ou de la Scandinavie.

Mais, pourquoi ce terme ? Parce qu'en français on ne dit justement pas "Juif chrétien" ou "Chrétien juif" à part le cas spécifique de Jews for Jesus ou Messianic Jews.

Donc, le terme est calqué sur le terme "Marran" (tout court) pour désigner une tradition familiale stablement intégrée dans le Christianisme et d'origine souvent lointaine juive.

Reste à dire en quoi les Marrans nordiques, comme je les appelle, diffèrent des Marrans.

Tout d'abord, racialement, linguistiquement. Ils parlent une langue nordique et sont de la partie judaïque des ancêtres typiquement ashkénazes. Pas tellement les langues latines, pas tellement les origines sépharades.

Ensuite, la religion typique, Luthéranisme ou "frikyrkor"* (tout entre Luthérien dévot mais pas liturgique en Svenska Missionsförbundet et Pentécotiste, à travers les Méthodistes et les Salvationnistes). Les convertis du Judaïsme ont un obstacle de moins de s'intégrer dedans que dans le Catholicisme. Ou deux.

Pour un Luthérien, il n'y a pas de langue sacrée dans le quottidien** et donc pas de vrai rival à l'hébreu dans sa vie religieuse. Et en plus, l'hébreu est obligatoirement étudié en tant que langue biblique (langue du texte d'origine), à même titre que le grec et à l'exclusion du latin.

Mais depuis quelque temps, au moins les Lumières, les Luthéranismes et Anglicanismes ont en plus eu une perte de l'idée que l'Église ait remplacé l'ethnicité juive comme lieu formel de "peuple de Dieu" ...*** Je choisis mes mots. Je ne dis pas que les Goïm ait remplacé les Juifs ethniques en tant que peuple de Dieu, je dis que le clergé catholique a remplacé le clergé cohanique, le Sacrifice de la Messe les sacrifices du Temple, et que l'ethnicité par contre a été élargie en d'abord Juifs et Samaritains (dont les descendants sont les Palestiniens), mais ensuite les Goïm aussi. Cette idée manque par contre du Protestantisme d'après les Lumières, d'où pas mal de Marrans nordiques qui imaginent que leur Judaïté les fasse encore partie d'un "peuple de Dieu" autre que le peuple chrétien.

Et parce que les Juifs ont, historiquement, été davantage intégrés dans la communauté luthérienne, ou moins, selon les points de vue°, et aussi parce que les conversions du Judaïsme ont été volontaires (davantage qu'en Espagne 1492) on n'a pas soupçonné du crypto-judaïsme. Un homme d'origine judaïque que se dit Chrétien est cru sur parole.

Dernièrement, il y a une mode de judaïser, comme il y a une mode de paganiser. Je ne ressens aucun besoin de me faire circoncire à cause des origines judaïques, ni de pratiquer les halakhot selon la lettre°°, comme à cause des origines ethniques, côté Beowulf, je ne ressens aucun besoin de faire un "blot" (sacrifice païen) ou de chanter à Odin ou porter un marteau de Thor. Mais la chose est, ceux qui ressentent des tels besoins, ils n'ont aucun problème, ni légal, ni social, de le faire. D'où le fait que ceux qui se reclament Chrétiens ont des très fortes raisons d'être crus sur parole.

Ethniquement, suis-je plutôt Suédois ou Marran nordique ? Je ne sais pas. Et je n'ai pas tellement besoin de savoir. J'ai présumé que ma mère était 1/8 et moi 1/16 hébraïques. J'ai pu me tromper.

Mais culturellement, je suis Enfant de troisième culture°°° entre mes origines, l'Autriche et l'Allemagne, avec influences de la Romanie et des États-Unis. Et d'Angle-Terre. Et j'ai cherché mon équilibre dans un Catholicisme de France et d'Irlande. Monseigneur Lefebvre ayant eu Éamonn DeValera comme serveur de Messe, j'ai rien à redire.~ Probablement en plus avant le Concile. Donc irréprochable du point de vue catholique.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
St. Laurent~~
10.VIII.2026

Romae, via Tiburtina, natalis beati Laurentii Archidiaconi, qui, in persecutione Valeriani, post plurima tormenta carceris, verberum diversorum, fustium, ac plumbatarum et laminarum ardentium, ad ultimum, in craticula ferrea assatus, martyrium complevit; ejusque corpus a beato Hippolyto et Justino Presbytero sepultum fuit in coemeterio Cyriacae, in agro Verano.

* Administrativement, le Catholicisme en Suède compte ou comptait avant 2000 aussi comme une "frikyrka" (à prononcer frîtchurca / frîchyurca avec un accent fort sur la première syllabe, moins fort la deuxième et encore moins fort la dernière), car ne pas étant "statskyrka" (remplacez "frî" avec "statse"), Église d'État, mais pour la plupart des Suédois, on le distingue, ainsi que l'Orthodoxie, très nettement des choses comme ça. La différence liturgique et théologique est notée.

** Une de mes raisons de devenir Catholique, d'ailleurs.

*** Une de mes découvertes en tant que Catholique, une fois converti.

° "Davantage intégrés" en tant que moins se sentant étrangers, "moins intégrés" comme ayant davantage gardé un statut spécial.

°° Chaque Catholique pratique les halakhot génuines selon l'esprit, comme les viandes permises nous rappellent 1) d'accepter les deux Testaments, 2) de les séparer, 3) de les méditer. "Pas de cheval, pas de lapin" = il faut accepter les deux Testaments comme vrais, ni le Judaïsme qui n'accepte qu'un, ni le paganisme qui n'en accepte aucun mais une pluralité de divinités. "Pas de chameau" = il faut séparer les deux Testaments, pas les mélanger. Je ne deviens pas Musulman, je ne redeviens pas Messianic Jew. "Pas de porc" = il faut méditer la loi, pas juste la croire. (Chose à améliorer).

°°° https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfant_de_troisième_culture

~ Par contre, côté "comment doit on se positionner au pape" je préfère maintenant "Michel II est pape et on doit l'obéir" à "Léon XIV et pape mais on ne doit pas l'obéir" ...

~~ C'est aussi la date de l'apparition de la Vierge de la Miséricorde, mais la fête est le 24 septembre.

Tiergarten 4, Aktion mortelle ... fasciste ?

Quoique ce soit de certains meurtres disputés par Faurisson, sur lesquels une certaine législation plus sotte que gaie me un peu cloue le bec (j'ai d'autres trucs à dire qui m'importent davantage et je n'ai pas envie de perdre mes blogs pour trop de franchise là-dessus), on n'a pas l'habitude de nier l'Aktion T4 sur les handicapés, ni l'eugénisme qu'on pratiquait déjà 6 ans plus tôt, à partir de février 1934.

Et je suis très loin de justifier ces pratiques.

Le problème devant moi est un peu je me déclare d'accord avec "fascisme" (en termes assez général pour inclure Mussolini avec réserves, Franco, Dollfuss et Schuschnigg, aussi des présidents constitutionnels comme Éamonn DeValera, Juan Perón, les septièmes fils lui diront merci, Józef Piłsudski, mais je valorise également Gasperi, Adenauer, Franz Josef Strauss), et certains vont me reprocher eugénisme ou euthanasie.

L'idée de l'eugénisme, de stériliser des gens trisomiques ou atteints de surdité héréditaire, ou encore des gens ayant vagabondé, et encore, si possible, davantage, de tuer des gens parce qu'ils sont un fardeau (et le fardeau peut être réel), ça me dégoûte énormément.

Si quelqu'un voudra me citer une allocution officielle du Duce où il défend ou propose ce genre de choses je rayerais le bon Benito* de ma liste de bons homme d'état.**

Entretemps, je voudrais faire considérer que l'idée de faire ce genre de choses ne venait nullement de l'Italie à un homme qui aurait dû rester peintre, mais de l'Angleterre et de l'Irlande du Nord. Et des États-Unis. Pour l'eugénisme, c'est déjà documenté que la Virginie stérilisait dès 1924. En Buck v. Bell*** un certains Wendell Holmes Jr.° décidait en 1927 d'accepter la pratique dégradante. Mais quid de l'euthanasie pour les faibles et malades ?

En 1931, un certain George Bernard Shaw l'avait suggéré. Il est cité dans cette vidéo :

The Not So Secret Society Running Britain
Josh D | 23 July 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_PCyFLAwrc

Ayez la bonté de ne pas me comparer à GBS ou à HGW, malgré le fait que je partage deux initiaux avec ce dernier. Je préfère nettement GKC et son ami Hilaire Belloc./HGL

---

* Le mauvais Benito étant Juarez ... le père du Duce l'admirait, moi non.
** Il s'y trouve, comme dit, avec des réserves.
*** https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_v._Bell
° https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr.

When Exactly Did Common People Get Bible Access? 1517 or 1800?

Mary Jones – The Welsh Teen Whose Determination Changed Christian History
AI Illustrated | The Incredible Journey | 17 July 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Saab53GGyI

Don't confuse Mary Jones with Martin Luther!/HGL

PS, just in case you think the story is AI generated, nope:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jones_and_her_Bible

If Anyone Thinks I Grossly Misunderstood Tolkien ...

I mean, some of my readers unfortunately place Isaac Asimov over Tolkien.

They are probably less familiar than I with Tolkien's Letters. But they don't need to take my word for it:

"Middle-earth is NOT an imaginary world!"
Truett J. Billups | 16 juil. 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x24IGkr7FP0

PS, a little correction against the idea of Tolkien being Anarchist or Communist:

No, the Shire is not 'Communist'
Ink and Fantasy | 18 July 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6CaPXssJMs

It can be noted that quotes in this video describe the synonym of pipeweed as "leaf" ... confirming what Tolkien said of Nicotiana./HGL

How Many Muslims Would Be OK With This?

HalalZilla | Muslims Fasting for Just One Hour in Murmansk, Russia
https://www.halalzilla.com/muslim-fasting-for-just-one-hour-in-Murmansk-Russia/21825

First of all, this info seems off:

When Ramadan falls in the summer months, the theoretical fasting time can be as short as one hour—or even nonexistent—because the sun barely dips below the horizon before rising again. Conversely, if Ramadan occurs in the winter, fasting could extend for more than 20 hours!

I'd say the opposite, though not a Muslim. It's when it's dark that they are allowed to eat.

But here is the more serious solution:

Many Muslims in Murmansk follow the fasting hours of the nearest city with a normal day-night cycle, such as Moscow, or use the timings of Makkah and Madinah as a reference.

The problem is, the Quran did not foresee this.

And actually, the problem for Ramadan in summer is, there is not even one hour night in Murmansk:

13 July 2026, Murmansk
https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/russia/murmansk

Night:

Not for this day

Astronomical Twilight:

Not for this day

Nautical Twilight:

Not for this day

Civil Twilight:

Not for this day

Daylight:

00 h 00 - 00 h 00, Total:24:00

23 July, there will be night in Murmansk. Or at least twilight, Sun below the horizon. 21 May, there was that too.

Over 30,000 Muslims including Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs and Uzbeks live in Murmansk.

Eid Al Adha marked in Murmansk
27.10.2012
https://azertag.az/en/xeber/eid_al_adha_marked_in_murmansk-79248

So, all these Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs and Uzbeks are doing a thing I think many Black and Arab Muslims wouldn't do: fast in a way not foreseen by the Quran.

When Ramadan falls in summer, any Muslim living there would need to in order to survive. 21 May to 23 July is too long not to eat. It's 62 days, longer than Jesus fasted from food. Was that Qoran really written for people around the world? As Christians, we don't have this problem, fasting rules are set by the Church and can be bent to things like this by the Church.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
Pope St. Anicletus
13.VII.2026

Romae sancti Anacleti, Papae et Martyris, qui, post sanctum Clementem Ecclesiam Dei regens, eam glorioso martyrio decoravit.

Predecessors of Jan III Sobieski and Austrians

HGL's F.B. writings: Why Don't they Teach Gynaecology in These Schools? · Φιλολoγικά/Philologica: Predecessors of Jan III Sobieski and Austrians

In the III Generation, I'll only deal with the king before Sobieski, and I trace him back to his grandparents in the I Generation. In Generation I, I start with Sigismund III Vasa and his wife Anne of Austria, and her siblings, and trace their marriages and children in the II Generation. I omit any marriage that is neither in Austria nor in Poland, and I count ages only of first marriages in that statistic (but the second marriage of Sigismund III was the first marriage of Constance of Austria, so it's counted on the female side).

I Generation

Sigismund III Vasa 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S. ⚭Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland 16 August 1573 – 10 February 1598

In April 1592, the betrothal was formally celebrated in the Imperial Court in Vienna; on 4 May, a proxy wedding was celebrated, after which Anna and her mother departed for the wedding in Krakow. Anne became the first wife of Sigismund III on 31 May 1592.

⚭ Constance of Austria 24 December 1588 – 10 July 1631

Her older sister Anna was the first wife of King Sigismund III Vasa. After her death Constance and Sigismund were married on December 11, 1605.

Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania 10 November 1574 – 6 April 1621 ⚭ Sigismund Báthory 1573 – 27 March 1613

On 7 February 1595, it was received in Graz the formal petition of marriage between Maria Christina and Sigismund Báthory, ruling Prince of Transylvania, by the nobleman Stephen Bocskay. ... The formal marriage took place in Weissenburg on 6 August, and soon after Maria Christina moved to Transylvania.

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637 ⚭ Maria Anna of Bavaria 18 December 1574 – 8 March 1616

On 23 April 1600, Maria Anna married her first cousin[1] Ferdinand, Archduke of Inner Austria at Graz Cathedral. This marriage reaffirmed the alliance between the House of Habsburg and House of Wittelsbach.

⚭ Eleonora Gonzaga 23 September 1598 – 27 June 1655

The official wedding ceremony took place in Innsbruck on 2 February 1622[2] and celebrations were quite modest. Ferdinand II and Eleonora, who were accompanied by relatives, were married in the chapel of the imperial palace.

Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain 25 December 1584 – 3 October 1611 ⚭ Philip III of Spain 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621

Margaret married Philip III of Spain, her first cousin, once removed, on 18 April 1599.

Leopold V, Archduke of Austria 9 October 1586 – 13 September 1632 ⚭ Claudia de' Medici 4 June 1604 – 25 December 1648

After her husband's premature death, she was married, on 19 April 1626, to Leopold V, Archduke of Austria, and thus became Archduchess consort of Austria.

Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria 7 October 1589 – 1 November 1631 ⚭ Cosimo II de' Medici 12 May 1590 – 28 February 1621

In 1608, the 19-year-old Maria Magdalena was married to Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.

Tomasz Zamoyski 1594 – 7 January 1638 ⚭ Katarzyna Ostrogska 1602–1642

He married Katarzyna Ostrogska in 1620 and had three children with her.

II Generation

Władysław IV Vasa 9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648 ⚭ Cecilia Renata of Austria 16 July 1611 – 24 March 1644

She married Władysław on 9 August in Vienna by proxy, and then in Warsaw in person on 12 September 1637, and the same day was crowned at St. John's Cathedral.

She married at 26 and had three children the one surviving oldest surviving to age 7.

⚭ Marie Louise Gonzaga 18 August 1611 – 10 May 1667

Under the pressure of the French government and other Western nations, Marie Louise Gonzaga finally married Władysław by proxy on 5 November 1645.[3] The proper wedding of Marie Louise and Władysław IV took place in Warsaw on 10 March 1646.

She married at 35 and had no children while her first husband lived.

John II Casimir Vasa 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672 ⚭ Marie Louise Gonzaga (as already mentioned, widow after his brother).

Two years later, on 20 May 1648, Marie Louise was widowed by the sudden death of Władysław IV. John Casimir was eventually elected the next King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania by the parliament, and married her on 30 May 1649.[3] During an 18-year marriage with John Casimir, she gave birth to two children, Maria Anna Teresa and John Sigismund, who died in infancy.

Meaning, both of them died in infancy.

Anna Catherine Constance Vasa 7 August 1619 – 8 October 1651 ⚭ Philip William, Elector Palatine 24 November 1615[1] – 2 September 1690[2]

However, Anne Catherine Constance finally married Philip William, heir of the Count Palatine of Neuburg and later Elector Palatine, in Warsaw on 8 June 1642.

Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657 ⚭ Maria Anna of Spain 18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646

Maria Anna had left Madrid for Vienna in December 1629, fully three years after her engagement and nearly five years after the proposal for marriage was first mooted. ... In Vienna on 20 February 1631, Maria Anna was married to King Ferdinand of Hungary-Bohemia. The festivities lasted a whole month. The marriage was described as friendly. Maria Anna was described as happy-tempered, friendly and intelligent, and she relieved the feelings of the rather melancholic Ferdinand.

⚭ Maria Leopoldine of Austria 6 April 1632 – 7 August 1649

In Linz on 2 July 1648 Maria Leopoldine married the widowed Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, thereby becoming Empress of the Holy Roman Empire, Queen of the Germans, Queen of Hungary and Queen of Bohemia. The wedding ceremony was splendid.

Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria 17 May 1628 – 30 December 1662 ⚭ Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria 21 July 1616 – 11 September 1676

Following failed plans for Anna to marry Gaston, Duke of Orléans, she was instead engaged to Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria. In 1646, Anna left her native Florence for Innsbruck to be married. On 10 June, she was married to her double first cousin Ferdinand Charles.

Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria 13 January 1610 – 25 September 1665 ⚭ Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria 17 April 1573 – 27 September 1651

On 15 July 1635 at the Augustinian Church, Vienna, Maria Anna married her uncle, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, whose previous wife, Elisabeth of Lorraine, had died a few months earlier. The wedding was celebrated by Franz von Dietrichstein, Bishop of Olomouc.

Philip IV of Spain 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 ⚭ Mariana of Austria 24 December 1634 – 16 May 1696

In 1646, Mariana was betrothed to her cousin Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias, heir to the Spanish throne. His death soon afterwards left her without a prospective husband and her widowed uncle Philip IV without a successor. The solution was a marriage between Philip and his niece on 7 October 1649 at Navalcarnero, outside Madrid.

Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria 27 November 1630 – 25 June 1665 ⚭ Hedwig of Sulzbach 15 April 1650 in Sulzbach; died: 23 November 1681

She was married on 3 June 1665 per cura in the court chapel of Sulzbach to Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria-Tyrol (1630–1665), who after his brother's unexpected death had resigned from his ecclesiastical positions in order to marry. The marriage was never consummated: while travelling to meet his bride, the Archduke fell seriously ill and died in Innsbruck twelve days after the marriage.

Michał Wiśniowiecki бл. 1575 — початок 1616 ⚭ Regina Wiśniowiecka 1589-1619

In 1603, at the age of 14, Regina married Polish-Ruthenian magnate Michał Wiśniowiecki in the city of Suceava, Moldavia.

Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 1612 – 20 August 1651 ⚭ Gryzelda Konstancja Wiśniowiecka 27 April 1623 – 17 April 1672

Gryzelda married Prince Jeremi Michał Wiśniowiecki h. Korybut on 27 February 1639 in Zamość and had one son, Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland.

III Generation

Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki 31 May 1640 – 10 November 1673 ⚭ Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland 21 May 1653 – 17 December 1697

Eleonore married King-Grand Duke Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, on 27 February 1670 in the Jasna Góra Monastery.

I'll be giving the minima, the lower quartiles, the medians, the higher quartiles and the maxima.

Died

Men

30 33 34 34 39 40 41 42 43 45 48 52 58 60 65 74 78

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Women

17 24 26 30 31 32 32 39 40 41 42 42 44 44 46 48 55 55 56 60 61

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Men, 30, 39, 43, 58, 78
Women, 17, 32, 42, 48, 61

Married first time

Men

18 18 21 21 22 22 26 26 26 26 28 29 34 40 42

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Women

14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 18 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 25 26 29 35

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Men, 18, 21/22, 26, 28/29, 42; two out of fifteen age 18.
Women, 14, 15/16, 18/19, 24/25, 35; eight out of twenty below 18, further two out of twenty 18, so ten out of twenty 18 and younger, down to 14.

Yes, in the cultural background before John III Sobieski came to rescue Austria, teen marriages, especially on the female side, were a thing. And neither the King of Poland, Grand-Duke of Lithuania, nor Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, were Muslims. Some may note that John III Sobieski was, in 1684, named Fidei Defensor, by Pope Innocent XI. Defender of the FAITH, not of the "faiths" ...

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
Feast of the Most Precious Blood
1.VII.2026

Festum pretiosissimi Sanguinis Domini nostri Jesu Christi.

Are Christians Grafted In?

Well, some are.

And if some of the branches be broken, and thou, being a wild olive, art ingrafted in them, and art made partaker of the root, and of the fatness of the olive tree Boast not against the branches. But if thou boast, thou bearest not the root, but the root thee Thou wilt say then: The branches were broken off, that I might be grafted in Well: because of unbelief they were broken off. But thou standest by faith: be not highminded, but fear
[Romans 11:17-20]

It also says, some of the natural branches are broken.

Which ones?

The ones that rejected Jesus Christ.

What is a natural branch that is still on the root? A Christian of Jewish origin.

What is an ingrafted branch, first grown on a wild olive? A Christian of Non-Jewish origin.

What is a broken branch? A non-Christian Jew, which is what the word Jew most usually means in some languages.

Meanwhile, there is a real replacement, from Aaronic to Apostolic priesthood. Melchisedec was not called a Cohen because he was a secular official, he was a priest of the Most High. The wine and bread were not a diplomatic meal, but his sacrifice. And that means, there is today a non-rejected sacrifice, but one which is not of the Jewish rite, as the word is usually understood, but of the Catholic rite.

That replacement is very real.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
Sts Peter and Paul
(after first vespers)
28—29.VI.2026

Romae natalis sanctorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, qui eodem anno eodemque die passi sunt, sub Nerone Imperatore. Horum prior, in eadem Urbe, capite ad terram verso cruci affixus, et in Vaticano juxta viam Triumphalem sepultus, totius Orbis veneratione celebratur; posterior autem, gladio animadversus, et via Ostiensi sepultus, pari honore habetur.

Vous connaissez Madame Brionne ?

À la mort de Charles de Lorraine, en 1751, la charge de grand écuyer avait été dévolue, selon le vœux du prince, à son petit-neveu, le comte de Brionne. Celui-ci avait alors quarante ans. Trois années auparavant, il avait épousé Louise-Julie-Constance de Rohan, de cette famille qui s'enorgueillissait d'être plus ancienne et plus noble que la ligne royale emme-même.

Si le comte de Brionne était bel homme, la fiancée était ravissante. Toute jeunette encore (elle n'avait pas quinze ans), elle annonçait déjà, dans les traits de son visage ou les formes graciles de son corps, une beauté que tous les courtisans se plurent à louer.

Laissons un peu Jacques Levron* pour voir si la wikipedia est plus précise. A-t-elle été 14 quand il avait 37 ou quand il avait 40 ?

Louise-Julie-Constance de Rohan-Rochefort, comtesse de Brionne, née le 5 mars 1734, reçue chanoinesse du couvent de Remiremont le 10 décembre 1742, épousa le 3 octobre 1748 à Paris Louis-Charles de Lorraine, comte de Brionne, veuf sans enfants de Louise-Charlotte de Gramont (1725-1742) et d'Augustine de Coëtquen (1722-1746).

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-Julie-Constance_de_Brionne

Ah, elle a donc 14 et demi à l'époque de son mariage.**

Bon, avant la Révolution, elle va être grand écuyer après son mari, quand il meurt le 28 juin 1761, et elle a alors 27 ans, ou peu après.

Après la Révolution, ce que ne raconte pas Jacques Levron, elle aura le bonheur de faire l'exile inévitable à Presbourg, son fils finira le sien à Vienne./HGL

* Les inconnus de Versailles, Perrin, 1968. ** Par contre les wikipédiens contredisent sur l'âge du marié, qui, ce jour de ses troisièmes noces a 23 ans. Son premier mariage, il avait 14, comme la femme de ses troisièmes noces.

Meaning of the name Shiluva

I saw a cite with clearly AI or guess work answers.

Šiluva is a place in Lithuania. Now, English doesn't have Š on the keyboard, so girls named for it are spelled Shiluva in the US.

Now, why would a girl be named after a place? Well, what about Lourdes? Or Christian girls named Fatima ?

Exactly, Šiluva is also a place with a Marian apparition, but I think it's pronounced on the first* syllable, Sean Hiller pronounces it on the second last (also second) syllable:

The Forgotten Marian Apparition That Shook the Reformation
Sean Hiller | 11 June 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gT3CUIy3Gs

* I was wrong, so was Hiller, it's actually last syllable:

Welcome to Šiluva!
Šiluvos šventovė | 25 March 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ULYNyEustY

C'est pas les Musulmans qui se prosternent la face à terre ?

Pas que.

Les prêtres le jour de l'ordination le font aussi, en se préparant./HGL

Found Some on Nachmanides' Debate

Nachmanides’ strange understandings of demons, hell, souls, women’s period, rape, and other subjects
https://booksnthoughts.com/nachmanides-strange-understandings-of-demons-hell-souls-womens-period-rape-and-other-subjects/

Here are two things:

Nachmanides insisted that the midrashic tales are true accounts of past events. His commentaries to Genesis 11:28 and 32 are excellent examples of his manner of thinking ...

and:

Interestingly, Nachmanides’ belief that midrashic legends are recollections of actual historical events brought him trouble in his old age and led to his need to escape from Spain and flee for Israel. In 1263, he was involved in a public religious debate with the apostate Jew, Pablo Christiani, in Barcelona before King James I concerning the validity of Judaism. Pablo contended that some of the midrashic stories that Nachmanides had insisted were true occurrences foreshadowed the birth and mission of Jesus.[4] Nachmanides sidestepped Pablo’s trap by disclaiming his belief in the truthfulness and the authority of midrashim, and said that they are only legends.[5]

So, the convert Christian Pablo Christiani was more literalist than Nachmanides could afford to remain, interesting ...

Is it because Judaism is an apostasy and leads to more apostasy, unless repented?/HGL

Sosa und Hitler

Ich denke, Kirchbücher gabs schon.

Das „Reichserbhofgesetz“ und die NSDAP verlangten den Nachweis der „rein arischen“ Abstammung – auch für den Ehepartner – bis 1800, für Bewerber für die SS (ab Führer und/oder Führeranwärter) sogar bis 1750 zurück („großer Ariernachweis“).

Dies wäre theoretisch möglich gewesen. Wurde es aber ausgeführt?

1) Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) 2) Alois Hitler (1837–1903) 3) Klara Pölzl (1860–1907)
4) ? 5) Maria Anna „Mariana“ Schicklgruber (1796–1847) 6) Johann Baptist Pölzl (1828–1902) 7) Johanna Hiedler (1830–1906)		4) Johann Georg Hiedler (1792–1857) 5) Maria Anna „Mariana“ Schicklgruber (1796–1847) 6) Johann Baptist Pölzl (1828–1902) 7) Johanna Hiedler (1830–1906)
8) ? 9) ? 10) Johannes Schicklgruber (1764–1847) 11) Theresia Pfeisinger (1769–1821) 12) Laurenz Pölzl (1788–1841) 13) Juliana Walli (1797–1831) 14) Johann Nepomuk Hiedler (1807–1888) 15) Eva Maria Decker (1792–1873)		8) Martin Hiedler (1762–1829) 9) Anna Maria Goschl (1760–1854) 10) Johannes Schicklgruber (1764–1847) 11) Theresia Pfeisinger (1769–1821) 12) Laurenz Pölzl (1788–1841) 13) Juliana Walli (1797–1831) 14) Johann Nepomuk Hiedler (1807–1888) 15) Eva Maria Decker (1792–1873)
16) ? 17) ? 18) ? 19) ? 20) ? 21) ? 22) ? 23) ? 24) ? 25) ? 26) ? 27) ? 28) Martin Hiedler (1762–1829) 29) Anna Maria Goschl (1760–1854) 30) ? 31) ?		16) Johann Hiedler (1725–1803) 17) Maria Anna Neugeschwandter (?) 18) ? 19) ? 20) ? 21) ? 22) ? 23) ? 24) ? 25) ? 26) ? 27) ? 28 = 8 29 = 9 30) ? 31) ?

Wenn Alois der Sohn Johann Georg Hiedlers war, geht die Ahnentafel nur in 16 und 17 hinter 1750 zurück. Wenn nicht, geht keine Linie überhaupt hinter 1750 zurück.

Was wurde verschwiegen? Ahnen die viel später als am achten Lebenstag getauft wurden? Oder Ahnen dessen Ehepaar heiratete als dia Braut under 15 Jahre alt war? Übrigens, ich sehe Lebensjahre aber keine Heiratsjahre oder Daten. Und für Maria Anna Neugeschwandter nicht einmal Lebensdaten. War sie so nahe an 1750, daß sie etwa 12—13 bei der Geburt Martins war? Jedenfalls, ich hätte für beide Sachen mich nicht geschämt. Ein Mann der lieber Künzler hätte bleiben sollen, vielleicht schon.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
der hl. Anton von Padua
13.VI.2026

Patavii sancti Antonii Lusitani, Sacerdotis ex Ordine Minorum et Confessoris, atque Ecclesiae Doctoris, vita, et miraculis, ac praedicatione illustris, quem, uno post illius obitum anno nondum expleto, Gregorius Papa Nonus in Sanctorum canonem retulit.

PS, wenn Alois nicht der Sohn Johann Georg Hiedlers war geht die Ahnentafel freilich schon hinter 1750 zurück, aber nur in den 32 Ahnen: 32 bis 55 unbekannt, 56 Johann Hiedler (1725–1803) und 57 Maria Anna Neugeschwandter (?), dann 58 bis 63 wieder unbekannt. Wenn er es war, dann sind in den 32 Ahnen 56 = 16 und 57 = 17./HGL

Fort Mc Henry and Moscow, What's the Connection?

Φιλολoγικά/Philologica: Castelnuovo (Bosnia) and Lexington (Massachusetts) · Fort Mc Henry and Moscow, What's the Connection? · New blog on the kid: Independence Day or Traitor Day?

They were respectively defended against the English and against Napoleon Bonaparte.

And they were so around 14th of September, Feast of the Holy Cross, two years apart.

The fire of Moscow was a catastrophic urban fire that destroyed almost all of Moscow in September 1812 during the French occupation of the city following the French invasion of Russia. The Russian troops and most of the remaining civilians had abandoned the city on 14 September 1812 just ahead of French Emperor Napoleon's troops entering the city after the Battle of Borodino.

And:

"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the "Defence of Fort M'Henry",[2] a poem written by American lawyer Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814, after he witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort after the battle.

I never knew this story until one young woman, hired to sing it in English, sang "El pendón estrellado" in Spanish. Then I looked it up. On youtube.

Now, defending Fort McHenry and defending Moscow, if at all, was two very different operations. Here is Moscow, and, as mentioned, the Russians left, but what happened next is disputed:

There is disagreement among historians over the cause of the fire. One theory holds that the fire was deliberately ordered or organized by Russian authorities, particularly Governor-General Fyodor Rostopchin, as part of a scorched-earth strategy intended to deny the occupying French army shelter and supplies.

This man was father of the children's author Countess de Ségur and grandfather of the Catholic clergyman Louis-Gaston de Ségur.

Here is Fort McHenry:

The Battle of Baltimore took place between British and American forces on September 12–14, 1814, during the War of 1812. Defending American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy major port city of Baltimore, Maryland, by British forces preventing the United States' third largest city at the time from falling to British forces and ending the British Chesapeake campaign.

The British and Americans first met at the Battle of North Point.[10] Though the Americans were tactically defeated and forced to retreat, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted significant casualties on the British including the commanding general Robert Ross, halted their advance, and allowed the defenders at Baltimore to prepare for an attack.

The resistance of Baltimore's Fort McHenry during bombardment by the Royal Navy inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry", which later became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States.

At Fort McHenry, some 1,000 soldiers under the command of Major George Armistead awaited the British naval bombardment. Their defense was augmented by the sinking of a line of American merchant ships at the adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to further thwart the passage of British ships.

...

On the morning of September 14, the 30 ft × 42 ft (9.1 m × 12.8 m) oversized American flag, which had been made a year earlier by local flagmaker Mary Pickersgill and her 13-year-old daughter, was raised over Fort McHenry, replacing the tattered storm flag which had flown during battle. It was responded to by a small encampment of British riflemen on the right flank, who fired a round each at the sky and taunted the Americans just before they too returned to the shore line. Originally, historians said that the oversized Star Spangled Banner Flag was raised to taunt the British, but that is not the case. The oversized flag was used every morning for reveille, as was the case on the morning of September 14.

Taunt the British, it did, though. The description given elsewhere is, the flag (the storm-flag, not the oversized one) had been put back and back and back in place while Brits shot at those upholding it. Letting the flag sink would have been a sign, and that sign was not given. I'm reminded of a man who has used his blogs as a kind of flag, and who has been shot at, if not with bullets, at least with scorched earth tactics, false friendliness, denial of basic needs, like hygiene and sleep, by men who resent that blog. To whom they are what a red flag is to a bull.

It might taunt some Brits and Canadians that Mary Pickersgill's 13-year-old daughter didn't go to school but participated in sewing a flag. Just as it taunts some that Our Lady at 12 or 13 or 14 or sth was pregnant with Our Lord.

So, perhaps the connection is, Our Lord who Reigned from the Cross, didn't support fully Freemasons (a leopard head) against a Bear that had some piety, but did support their allies against a Lion that was losing its piety, quickly.

Just How Many Young-Earth Creationists Are There in the U.S.? says, c. 40 % of Americans are Young Earth Creationists. They are far fewer in the UK: After carrying out detailed face-to-face interviews with over a hundred Christians and Muslims, Unsworth designed her own survey. Of 2,116 people in Britain, she found that only 3% reject the idea that plants and animals have evolved from earlier life forms, whilst 6.8% reject the idea that humans have evolved from non-human life forms. Only 4% would qualify as young earth creationists.

Meanwhile, in France Young Earth Creationism is actively opposed, as per Antoine Bret: I became a Christian in France, without ever encountering young-earth creationism. I’d say that most Evangelicals in France (about half a million) feel uneasy about evolution, but not so much with the age of the universe. Faith and Science in France and Spain: An Interview with Antoine Bret Meanwhile, if Russians want schoolbooks that are Young Earth Creationist they don't need to resort to Harun Yahya, they have better stuff from inside. Or had, not sure how much Putin has since then discouraged it. Or Kirill.

There is also the difference that in France, Freemasons were recent usurpers of power. In the US, they were founding fathers. The only people in place to oppose England. The difference is a bit like the difference of Romulus worshipping Jupiter and of Julian the Apostate doing so. However, even in Russia, on Holy Cross day, the French were temporarily victorious, the Russian garrison withdrew from Moscow. Perhaps so that a certain Storopchyn could show Tatar cruelty in action.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
St. Margaret of Scotland
10.VI.2026

[16 Novembris] Edimburgi, in Scotia, natalis sanctae Margaritae Viduae, Scotorum Reginae, amore in pauperes et voluntaria paupertate celebris. Ipsius tamen festivitas quarto Idus Junii celebratur.
[10 Junii] Sanctae Margaritae Viduae, Scotorum Reginae, quae sextodecimo Kalendas Decembris obdormivit in Domino.

Ancient Anatolian Farmers: Arrival, Preseli Blue Stones, Stone Henge, and End

In the French edition* of National Geographic, August 2022, I find that the Early European Farmers arrived in 4000 BC, the stone circle in Preseli or Carn Menyn was built in 3300 BC and Stone Henge raised in 2500 BC. A space of 1500 years. Longer than Sweden has been unified (since c. 1000 AD) or Spain (since c. 1492). About the time from Clovis and St. Clotilda to ourselves.

Let's take this in my recalibration, shall we. I'll cite my tables, but because of a probably deliberate misunderstanding, but possibly shared by some without deliberation, first I'll clear something up. The format of my tables.

Real year BC

carbon 14 level (usually theoretic) back in that year in the atmosphere —> carbon date.

I say "usually theoretic" because for the years I have labelled nodes and numbered in Roman numerals, I base that on carbon dated archaeology and on (usually Biblical) historical real dates. Those nodes, I'm not giving the currently measured level of carbon 14, I'm giving the lower than 100 pmC level that it must have had back in the day in order to account for the discrepancy between the real date and the carbon date.

Example. En Geddi is excavated, and one of the habitations ended in the carbon date 3500 BC. That would be a carbon age of 5450 BP, calibrated, I presume. Now, if 5450 BP had been obtained as the raw date with the currently accepted halflife, the Cambridge halflife, it would mean the reed mats in the cave with the temple treasures have 0.5^(5450/5730) = 51.723 pmC. However, I hold that they are younger than 3500 BC, namely the date of Genesis 14 (Asason Tamar being mentioned as attacked and identified in Chronicles as En Geddi). In my Biblical chronology, that being the one of the Christmas day reading from the Martyrologium Romanum, the date would be 2015 BC - c. 80 years = c. 1935 BC. Why c. 80 years? It was after Abraham's vocation (chapter 12) at age 75 and before the birth of Ishmael (chapter 16) when he was 86.

The discrepancy is 1565 years. My proposal is, the reed mats were 1565 years old in carbon dating, given the then atmosphere and if carbon daters had been brought back in a time machine, because the then current atmosphere was 1565 years old. In other words, it had a carbon level of 82.753 pmC. Now, Genesis 14 is my node IV, and for years between nodes, I do a mathematically somewhat advanced interpolation.

So, Early European Farmers arise in Anatolia 7000 BC, leave Anatolia in 6000 BC, arrive in Britain in 4000 BC, build Carn Menyn in Preseli in 3300 BC and then Stone Henge in 2500 BC. Carbon dated.

III—IV

2442 BC

57.683 pmC, dated as 6990 BC

2327 BC (!)

63.519 pmC, dated as 6079 BC

2304 BC

64.676 pmC, dated as 5906 BC

2028 BC

78.316 pmC, dated as 4048 BC

2005 BC

79.432 pmC, dated as 3909 BC

Ancient Anatolian farmers are archeologically identifiable since some time before 2442 BC, which is when Shem died. They went into Europe between 2327 and 2304 BC, before Serug was born. They arrived in Britain between 2028 and 2005 BC, around when Abraham was born.

IV—V

1877 BC

83.97 pmC, dated as 3321 BC

1857 BC

84.371 pmC, dated as 3262 BC

The stone circle in Preseli was built between 1877 and 1857 BC. Terah had died, Jacob and Esau were soon to be born.

V—VI

1678 BC

89.449 pmC, dated as 2600 BC

1656 BC

91.353 pmC, dated as 2404 BC

So, the main stone circle of Stone Henge is from between 1678 and 1656 BC, somewhat after Joseph died in Egypt and somewhat longer before Moses was born.

Let's resume.

Ancient Anatolian Farmers are a thing in 2442 BC, get into Europe in 2327 / 2304 BC (a bit more than a century later) and arrive in Britain between 2028 and 2005 BC, c. 300 years after they got into the Balkans, a bit more than 400 years after they are a big thing in Anatolia.

They arrive in Britain in 2028 / 2005 BC, they build Preseli stone circle in 1877 / 1857 BC, c. 150 years later, and they relocate it to Stone Henge in 1678 / 1656 BC, c. 200 years after Preseli and c. 350 years after they arrived.

According to the paper in National Geographic, the Yamnaya invaders replaced them. Some others would disagree:

The modern English inherited around 50% of their genes from early European farmers, 36% from western European hunter-gatherers, and 14% from the ancient north Eurasians. According to the study, published in Nature, modern Scots can trace 40% of their DNA to the early European farmers and 43% to hunter-gatherers, though David Reich, a senior author on the study at Harvard University, said the differences were not significant.

Perhaps Y-chromosomes were more replaced than the genome overall, but there are Y-chromosome lineages going back to Western Hunter Gatherers, who lived in Britain before the Ancient Anatolian Farmers arrived. Like I2. Also, did R1b arrive only with Yamnaya wave, or with Early European Farmers?**

The modern English inherited around 50% of their genes from early European farmers, 36% from western European hunter-gatherers, and 14% from the ancient north Eurasians. According to the study, published in Nature, modern Scots can trace 40% of their DNA to the early European farmers and 43% to hunter-gatherers, though David Reich, a senior author on the study at Harvard University, said the differences were not significant.

DNA study reveals third group of ancient ancestors of modern Europeans
Ian Sample, science editor | Thu 18 Sep 2014 09.50 CEST
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/18/ancient-ancestors-europeans-dna-study

Meanwhile, it is nearly certain that the society that built Stonehenge fell. National Geographic speculates on plague, a milder but still not innocuous strain of Yersinia pestis. If they were indeed menaced by plague, it was not the best move to cluster in high density around huge cult places, of which Stonehenge wasn't even the biggest. Just as in 2020, a certain cluster of Pentecostals in Alsatia counted 5000 people in a single huge tent meeting. I noted that Catholic mass, not being a question of the priest's personal charisma, and Catholic society having usually many priests, isn't as likely to get 5000 people in one place. Also a Catholic mass (at least of the Latin rite) is c. 45 min. while a tent meeting lasts longer.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
St. Clotildis
3/VI.2026

Lutetiae Parisiorum sanctae Clotildis Reginae, cujus precibus vir ejus Clodoveus, Rex Francorum, Christi fidem suscepit.

* See: Sommaire du magazine National Geographic du mois d'Août 2022 : Les mystères de Stonehenge
De National Geographic | Publication 28 juil. 2022, 21:36 CEST
https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/2022/07/sommaire-du-magazine-national-geographic-du-mois-daout-2022-les-mysteres-de-stonehenge

** I can't access the newspaper, but I do access the online article of these two:

A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages
Patricia Balaresque et al. | PLoS Biol. 2010 Jan 19;8(1):e1000285.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2799514/

= 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285

The Times: First farmers in Britain were horsemen from the Steppes
https://www.thetimes.com/world/russia-ukraine-war/article/first-farmers-in-britain-were-horsemen-from-the-steppes-pb2b6txfc

Two Things About the Sawley Map

First, if you will look at the picture from wikimedia commons:

This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 100 years or fewer.

You will note that there are four angels.

This is a literalistic reference to Apocalypse 7:1. This doesn't mean that the author believed the earth to be flat, it just means the map is concentrating on what is presumed to be the land hemisphere. In actual fact, as discovered later, the Atlantic isn't on the Western edge of the land hemisphere, it's a water wedged inside it (with some of the displaced tectonics showing up around Baffin Bay, I'd say).

So, given this iconographic tradition, I'm certain I'm right to take the four corners as literal. The angels are also placed, as I place the corners, in the roughly NW, NE, SE and SW of the land hemisphere (or the truncated version they knew of it).

This is one item I'd note.

Another one is this. It was a piece of art. A personnalised art work accompanying the book Imago Mundi by Honorius of Autun. This specific map, smaller than an A4, only exists on this page of a copy of this book, i e second page (folio 1v) of manuscript 66 at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawley_map

There are no follow up pictures that I know of*. No picture of Brittany or of the Holy Land or of Egypt or of Russia. No, there is no higher resolution than c. 1/2 the actual land hemisphere on 20 cm × 30 cm or 11.8 in × 7.9 in. If you are a general, it may be OK as a way to figure out a general travel route from Scotland to the Holy Land, for a Crusade, for instance, but it's not sth you can use in order to adapt a strategy to the actual terrain of an area.

Such smaller areas shown on maps of higher resolution didn't enter into the ceremonial purpose of viewing the inhabited world between the four angels of Apoc. 7:1. Nor were they needed to figure out a sea route across the Mediterranean or the North Sea.

Also:

Around 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found in illustrated manuscript books and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappa_mundi

To modern eyes, mappae mundi can look superficially primitive and inaccurate. However, mappae mundi were never meant to be used as navigational charts and they make no pretence of showing the relative areas of land and water. Rather, mappae mundi were schematic and were meant to illustrate different principles. The simplest mappae mundi were diagrams meant to preserve and illustrate classical learning easily. The zonal maps should be viewed as a kind of teaching aid – easily reproduced and designed to reinforce the idea of the Earth's sphericity and climate zones. T-O maps were designed to schematically illustrate the three land masses of the world as it was known to the Romans and their medieval European heirs.

As I said. Few and not very useful in the practical sense, apart from being a teaching aid. A very ligne claire or Hergé version of an image d'Épinal.

Even their existence is due to some cultural factors that cannot be presumed for just each and every kind of society with a similar level of technology.

Why do I mention this? The fact is, I gave an answer on why the Witchking of Angmar didn't know where the Shire was, even though it was part of the Northern kingdom, of Arnor, and the Witchking conquered it. Many had stated the Witchking didn't know the hobbits called it The Shire. I stated, the Witchking couldn't have found it on a map, because he didn't have any.

And he didn't have any, because maps were not an everyday object.

If Guderian wants to invade Russia or if Zhukov wants to take Berlin, they have no problems getting maps of enemy territory, because local and regional maps are everyday objects, printed in the millions. This is not how Attila the Hun got into France or even how the Teutonic order (as far as I know) planned their failed attempt at Tannenberg in 1410. Neither of them could trust someone to sneak in as a civilian behind enemy lines and just buy a map in a shop. There were no shops where you could buy maps. They were luxury items.

Now, Third Age 1409 and the previous and ensuing centuries is basically meant to be reminiscent of the Dark Ages or Age of Migrations, but a bit more devastating (mimicking the depopulation of much of Europe prior to the migration from Yamnaya). In Third Age 3018 and 3019 (main setting of Lord of the Rings), it's 1418 / 1419 in the Shire calendar, and that is a pretty good indication of the part of the Middle Ages that Tolkien was thinking of, in part, (like the end involves an alternative ending to the siege of Constantinople, one in which the invader is driven back).

The second best attack** on Tolkien's plotting turns around the equivalent of pretending that King Arthur could have walked into a shop to buy maps for the area around Constantiniple, in Nennius. Monty Python might have done that to the Arthuriad, but Tolkien wouldn't.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Pentecost Thursday
28.V.2026

PS, if for some reason you still don't get it, one influence Tolkien was on me was getting into the real Christian Middle Ages a bit more than the usual Disney slop or worse./HGL

*I'm by far no expert on this manuscript or the whole work, so there might be a surprise in for me. I only know it from wikipedia. ** The first and third best attacks are about getting into Morder, company of the ring versus armies of Gondor.

Can Jews for Judaism Explain "le Olam" ?

Why Psalm 110 Terrifies Modern Judaism
Christian Chronicles | 24 May 2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyRDxy6hFLE

This is the Classic Christian challenge, simply taking note of what's in the Psalm.

King David is talking of the Messias as of "my lord" ... the argument isn't that "LORD" and "lord" are the same word in Hebrew, though it becomes so back when reading the tetragrammaton as "Adonai" (now, for some reason, they prefer "HaShem"). The argument is that whoever King David was talking about was not King David and not just simply any descendant who needed to see David as lord, since father or ancestor. This point is missed in the Jewish response I just read.

That person is by God the most High, by the LORD, invited to sit at His right hand.

That person is also a priest, namely the same type as Melchizedek was. And that forever.

Each of these is more or less explained by Jews for Judaism, in the link below, written or compiled by Bentzion Kravitz:

Psalm 110 - A Jewish Perspective
https://jewsforjudaism.org/knowledge/articles/psalm-110-a-jewish-perspective

King David is, they say, putting words into the mouths of Levites, to sing about him when he has the temple consecrated. So ... wait, is each Levite singing about King David or King Solomon as "my lord"? Why aren't they unitedly singing of King David as "our lord" if King David meant this to be words in the mouth of Levites, not said in his own person?

This also has the weakness that the temple actually was consecrated by David's son Solomon.

The seat at the right hand is not in some heavenly sphere, the right hand simply means protection, specifically military such.

And Melchizedec was "Cohen" insofar as he was King, not an actual priestly function.

Now, it is true that "Cohen" is used of King David's sons II Kings/Samuel 8. It's also true that King David once behaved like a Cohen, by eating of the breads of presence, and it's not improbable that the Temple fixed the illegality by an adoption, making King David an Aaronite by adoption. However, Catholic commentary tends to accept the Jewish explanation that this means some kind of peace time officers, like of the palace, rather than strictly temple functions. We see this kind of mingling (as per my suggestion) of Aaronite and Davidic later on too, since Mary and Joseph were of the house of David, but Mary's cousin was the wife of a Cohen (strict Aaronitic sense).

In sum, the psalm refers to King David as lord of Levites (plural), protected by God, holding office (not a priestly one) in Jerusalem.

Here is where this breaks down.

If David was putting words into the mouths of plural Levites, and the word is about himself, why is he "my lord" and not "our lord"?

If sit at my right hand is no more than "be secure in my protection" why is Daniel seeing a heavenly vision? Here:

I beheld therefore in the vision of the night, and lo, one like the son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and he came even to the Ancient of days: and they presented him before him And he gave him power, and glory, and a kingdom: and all peoples, tribes and tongues shall serve him: his power is an everlasting power that shall not be taken away: and his kingdom that shall not be destroyed
[Daniel 7:13-14]

As we are at the wording of David in the psalm, how many nations did king David judge through Israel?

I only recall Philistines. The Amalecites were already killed off by Saul.

He shall judge among nations, he shall fill ruins: he shall crush the heads in the land of the many
[Psalms 109:6]

Seems more like Daniel 7 than King David.

Now, suppose King David were "Cohen like Melchizedec" simply by ruling from Jerusalem, there are two problems.

First, Melchizedec as ruler of Jerusalem or Salem is called, specifically Melech. He is called Cohen "of God the Most High" as if it were a priestly title, and in connection with an oblation of bread and wine, which can be seen as a kind of sacrifice, leading up to a blessing, another priestly act:

For from the rising of the sun even to the going down, my name is great among the Gentiles, and in every place there is sacrifice, and there is offered to my name a clean oblation: for my name is great among the Gentiles, saith the Lord of hosts
[Malachias (Malachi) 1:11]

If Catholicism is true, Holy Mass fulfills both Ps 109 and Malachias 1.

But more, whoever King David is talking about is this kind of Cohen like Melchizedec "for ever" or "le Olam" .... here is where Bentzion Kravitz gets very weak:

Therefore, the term priest as in “priest of G-d, the most high” in Psalm 110:14 can also refer to a leader.

That David would be a “priest forever after the manner of Melchizedek.” means that the privilege of being ruler of Jerusalem would always remain to David and his descendants forever.

“To David and his offspring, forever” Psalm 18:51

The sons of King David were not designated as priests of the most High, but if they actually could be so designated, one of them was a prophet. They were also not ruling Jerusalem when II Kings / Samuel 8 was about.

And the "forever" in Psalm 18 compounds with the difficulty for Judaism. Sons of David have not been ruling Jerusalem as kings since Nebuchadnezzar came and then once more under Serubbabel. Herod wasn't one. Titus wasn't one. Constantine wasn't one, nor even his mother St. Helen. Heraclius wasn't one and his enemy Chosroës II wasn't one. Omar wasn't one. Mehmed VI wasn't one, nor his older brother Mehmed V. Nor George V, nor Ben Gurion.

If physical or political rule of earthly Jerusalem is meant, the throne "forever" has stood empty, not for 2000 years, but for even longer. This parallels the disingenuous interpretation of Genesis 49:10. And as we there deal with Judah, not king David, and as there is an actual term, that political sovereignty was taken out of the hands of the Jews after Herod the Great died, so the expectation of nations has already come.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Pentecost Thursday
28.V.2026