When was Beowulf written?

We do not know.

My very personal* hunch: since it stresses the heroism of the Geats, as well as their religious ignorance - "they knew not their Maker" in modern translation, and neither did they expect resurrection but burned Beowulf on a pyre like Hektor at the end of the Iliad - it was maybe written to inspire missionaries to go from England to ... nowadays it is The Hising island, Gothenburg, and so on.

Like Pope Gregory who had a dialogue about some slaves he then bought free:

- Qui sunt?
- Angli.
- Non Angli sed Angeli. Cuius regni sunt?
- Deira.
- De ira Dei ad gratiam Christi vocati sunt. Quid est nomen regi eorum?
- Ælla.
- Alleluia ibi cantabitur.

Now it was the turn of the English to have that charity for Westrogothia and Ostrogothia in what now is called Sweden.

*J R R Tolkien may have agreed. I am not sure I am not repeating some halfforgotten thing.

Austrian flag means: "Thou shalt not pass"

The Austrian flag (of usual flag proportions) is red-white-red in three equally broad horizontal strips.

Anywhere on rivers in Europe, you may find it (or a sign whose proportions are not very different) on the vaults or beside the arms or confluences where passing through is forbidden. Either because it is not deep enough (in which case an exception, like for canoes, may be marked as such) or because it is reserved for boats going the other way.

In Austrian history too, the flag means in a very different and much more warlike way: "thou shalt not pass". St Leopold died in a battle but won it, against the then still pagan Magyars who tried to invade the Duchy Austria.* The flag is a diagram of his shirt: bloody above and below the belt, still white where the belt had prevented the blood from soaking the shirt.

Hans-Georg Lundahl
Georges Pompidou, Paris
Sunday,
St Anne, 26 July 2009

*This is what I heard as a child. Wikipedia gives another legend, about another Leopold. Also, according to Wikipedia, St Leopold is not the Babenberg who defended Austria against Hungarians, indeed he lived well about a Century after St Istvan/Stephen of Hungary. On this link you will find more than one early Babenberg killed in battle.

"Claude Gérard", författare-pseudonym

eg. Aurora-Lovisa LJUNGSTEDT, född HJORT.

Karlskrona 2 sept. 1821 - ??? (dödsår förmodligast efter artikelns författande)

1846 g. m. fängelsedirecteur.

La Grande Encyclopédie ger titlarne på franska: Flâneries et Rêveries (1857), Histoires d'un chasseur (1861), Énigmes psychologiques (1869), l'Album de l'oncle Benjamin (1870), Types modernes (1872), la Vie de tous les jours (1877), et c.

Artikeln författades af Th. C., förmodligen Théofile Cart.

Promo: "Against Readings" (i e Marxist Readings, Freudian Readings, et c)

Link.

by Professor Mark Edmundson of the University of Virginia

"repli identitaire"

"tenèbres du laïcisme"
"l'aurore d'une nouvelle ère"
"vote responsable"
"maître de civilisation"

"cela rendrait d'autant plus difficile notre mission d'évangélisation auprès des jeunes"

Les phrases proviennent de deux publications catholiques, que je respecte autrement.

Ce ne sont pas les grands mots qui nous parlent de l'audelà, se sont des très gros mots qui nous parlent d'ici-bas. Si S^t Benoît était vraiment un maître de civilisation, il avait aussi horreur de telle phrase et il savait très bien que la dernière aurore d'une nouvelle ère pas seulement jusqu'à lui-même, mais jusqu'à nous et jusqu'à la fin du monde était l'aurore des myrrhophores. Et s'il évangelisait des jeunes, tel S^t Placide, tel S^t Maure, ce n'était pas en mettant en garde contre "replis identitaires" mais contre la propre volonté ou "le vice des possessions privées", notons: il dit vice, pas injustice, il dit faiblesse subi par le possesseur, pas tort subi par le non-possesseur. S'il faisait là-dedans un vote responsable qui évitait les tenèbres du laïcisme, c'est qu'il était d'abord responsable pour faire comprendre ses vœux jusqu'à par le plus obtus et d'éviter les tenèbres des grandes ou grosses phrases.

Dis-donc! J'ai commis une bavardise! Finissons par quelques phrases d'un non-bavard:

"désirer le ciel"
"craindre l'enfer"
"mépriser le monde"

"photograpsit" an "photegrapse"?

lectoribus quaeso conjugationem verbi graecae originis "photographo"

per commenta respondite, si placet!

Marriage sole carreer?

La Jeune fille à marier says in those days a marriage was a woman's sole carreer choice. Maybe in Protestant countries. Certainly in Muslim and Jewish societies. But among Catholics and Orthodox, she could also be a nun.