I was Just Answering Sn Claiming That Life Expectancy has Been Around 30

I was Just Answering Sn Claiming That Life Expectancy has Been Around 30 · When I checked with "children of" it seems to be true · Were Middle Ages Healthier? Yes.

He gave a link to an article on wikipedia, not the best one.

This article was, however, for Roman Antiquity somewhat documented : two links to academic works cited tied the modern estimates of this era to:

• Ulpian's Life Table - which is not directly concerned with Life Expectancy, but has become considered as reflecting it.
• some Egyptian fiscal or household document, which after a wiki search I suspect to be the Heroninos archive.
• Funerary samples, both tombstone inscriptions on age and anatomical investigation of skeleta.

Hmmmm ... sounds fairly - in a way reasonable, but insufficient, to use this. Both books actually state it is insufficient.

The material which I noted was lacking - in both works - was narrative biography material.

I took a look at Emperors from Julius Caesar to Constantine the Great.

[Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul)

(ca. 130 BC – 85 BC)]

&[Aurelia Cotta

(May 21, 120 – July 31, 54 BC)]

[Julia Major

(102 - 68 BC)]

[Julia Minor

(101 – 51 BC)]

&[Marcus Atius Balbus

(105 – 51 BC)]

[Atia Balba II / major

(85 BC – 43 BC)]

&[Gaius Octavius[1]

(about 100 – 59 BC)]

Julius Caesar

Died 15 March 44 BC (aged 55) Rome

Augustus

Died 19 August AD 14 (aged 75) Nola, Italia, Roman Empire

Tiberius

Died 16 March AD 37 (aged 77) Misenum, Italy

Caligula

Died 24 January AD 41 (aged 28) Palatine Hill, Rome

Claudius

Died 13 October 54 AD (age 63) Rome, Italy

Nero

Died 9 June 68 (aged 30) Outside Rome

Galba

Died 15 January 69 (aged 70) Rome

Otho

Died 16 April 69 (aged 36) Rome

Vitellius

Died 22 December 69 (aged 54) Rome

Vespasian

Died 23 June 79 (aged 69)

Titus

Died 13 September 81 (aged 41) Rome

Domitian

Died 18 September 96 (aged 44) Rome

Nerva

Died 27 January 98 (aged 67) Gardens of Sallust, Rome

Trajan

Died 8 August 117 (aged 63) Selinus, Cilicia, now Gazipaşa, Antalya Province, Turkey

Hadrian

Died 10 July 138 (aged 62) Baiae

Antoninus Pius

Died 7 March 161 (aged 74) Lorium

Lucius Verus

Died 169 (aged 39) Rome

Marcus Aurelius

Died 17 March 180 (aged 58) Vindobona or Sirmium

Commodus

Died 31 December 192 (aged 31) Rome

Pertinax

Died 28 March 193 (aged 66) Rome, Italia

Didius Julianus

Died 1 June 193 (aged 56 or 60) Rome

Pescennius Niger

Died 194 (aged 53–59)

Clodius Albinus

Died 19 February 197 (aged 46–47) Lugdunum

Septimius Severus

Died 4 February 211 (aged 65)[2] Eboracum (today York, England)

Geta (emperor)

Died 26 December 211 (aged 22)

Caracalla

Died 8 April 217 (aged 29) On the road between Edessa and Carrhae

Macrinus

Died June 218 (aged 53) Cappadocia

Elagabalus

Died 11 March 222 (aged 18) Rome

Severus Alexander

Died 19 March 235 (aged 26) Moguntiacum, Germania Superior

Maximinus Thrax

Died May 238 (aged 65) Aquileia, Italy

Pupienus

Died 29 July 238 (aged 68 or 73) Rome

Balbinus

Died 29 July 238 (aged 60) Rome

Gordian I

Died 12 April 238 (aged 79) Carthage, Africa Proconsularis

Gordian II

Died 12 April 238 (aged 46) Carthage, Africa Proconsularis

Gordian III

Died 11 February 244 (aged 19) Zaitha

Philip the Arab

Died 249 (aged 45) Verona, Italia

Decius

Died June 251 (aged 50) Abrittus (Razgrad, Bulgaria)

Herennius Etruscus

Died June 251 (aged 24) Abrittus (Razgrad, Bulgaria)

Hostilian

Died 251 (age 21) Viminacium, Moesia (present-day Serbia)

Trebonianus Gallus

Died August 253 (aged 47) Interamna

Volusianus

Died August 253 Interamna

Aemilianus

Died 253 near Spoletium, Italia (aged 40 or 46)

Valerian (emperor)

Died After 260 or 264 AD (aged 60) Bishapur or Gundishapur

Gallienus

Died 268 (aged 50) Mediolanum, Italy

Claudius Gothicus

Died January 270 (aged 60) Sirmium, Pannonia Inferior (present-day Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)

Quintillus

Died 270 (aged 58) Aquileia, Italia

Aurelian

Died September or October 275 (aged 60-61) Caenophrurium, Thrace (present-day Turkey)

Tacitus (emperor)

Died June 276 (aged 76) Antoniana Colonia Tyana, Cappadocia

Florianus

Died 276 Tarsus, Cilicia

Probus (emperor)

Died September/October 282 (aged 50) Sirmium, Pannonia Inferior (present-day Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)

Carus (looks like El Caudillo!)

Died July or August 283 (aged 61) Beyond the River Tigris, Mesopotamia

Carinus

Died July 285 River Margus

Numerian

Died 20 November 284 Emesa

Diocletian

Died 3 December 312 (aged 67)[3] Aspalathos (now Split, Croatia)

Maximian

Died ca. July 310 (age 60)[7] Massilia (Marseille, France)

Constantius Chlorus

Died 25 July 306 (aged 56) Eboracum, Britannia

Galerius

Died Late April or early May 311 (aged 51)[9] Serdica (Sofia), Bulgaria

Maximinus II

Died August 313 (aged 42)

Constantine the Great

Died 22 May 337 (aged 65) Nicomedia, Bithynia, Roman Empire

Licinius (also somewhat close to El Caudillo)

Died Spring of 325 (aged 61-62) Thessalonica

???? = 4 died at unknown age. Not counted below.

18 19 21 22 24 26 28 29 30 31 34 36 39 40 (Lower Value)

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 (Stat number)

18 19 21 22 24 26 28 29 30 31 34 36 39 41 (Higher Value)

41 41 42 42 44 45 45 46 46 47 50 50 50 50

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

41 42 42 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 50 50 50 50

51 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 58 58 60 60 60 60 60 61 61

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

51 53 54 54 55 56 58 58 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 62

62 63 63 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 69 70 74 75 76 77 79

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

62 63 63 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 69 70 73 74 75 76 77 79

Median

(upper and lower values), at 32 of 63, 54 years.

Lower quartile,

between 16/17 of 63, lower value 41/42 years, upper value 42 years.

Higher quartile,

between 47/48 of 63, (upper and lower values), 63 years.

Half the Emperors

died 42 to 63 years old, one quarter 63 or older, up to 79, one quarter 18 to 41 or 42.

Emperors' wives?

Dynasties separately.

Julius Caesar:

Cornelia (wife of Caesar)

Died circa 69 BC (aged about 28) Rome

Pompeia (wife of Caesar)

Divorced, death date unknown

Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)

Widow, death date unknown

Augustus:

Clodia Pulchra (wife of Augustus)

Octavian divorced Clodia to marry Scribonia, Clodia Pulchra's subsequent fate is not known.

Scribonia (wife of Augustus)

(68 BC - 16 AD), divorce 38 BC

Livia Drusilla

(30 January 58 BC – 28 September 29 AD)

Died 28 September 29 AD (aged 86) Rome

Tiberius:

Vipsania Agrippina

36 BC – 20 AD

She was betrothed by Augustus and her father to Tiberius before her first birthday. They were married around 19 BC.[2] Their son Drusus Julius Caesar was born in 14 BC.

Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia, despite his love for the former and disapproval of the latter. At the time of their divorce, Vipsania was pregnant with a second child, who did not survive.

Julia the Elder

Died 14 AD (aged 53) Rhegium

Caligula :

Junia Claudilla

She died in 34,[3] 36,[4] or early 37[5] while giving birth to Caligula's first child, which also did not survive.

Livia Orestilla

Livia Orestilla, or Cornelia Orestilla [1] was a Roman Empress as the second wife of the Emperor Caligula in AD 37 or 38. She was originally married to Gaius Calpurnius Piso (in particular the one involved in a conspiracy to overthrow the emperor Nero in AD 65),[2] who was persuaded or forced to annul the marriage so that Caligula could marry her.

Lollia Paulina,

also known as Lollia Paullina[1] (15-49[2]) was a Roman Empress for six months in 38 as the third wife and consort of the Roman emperor Caligula. Outside of her term as a Roman Empress, she was a noble Roman woman who lived in the Roman Empire of the 1st century.

Milonia Caesonia

Milonia Caesonia (d. AD 41) was a Roman empress, the fourth and last wife of the emperor Caligula. ... Little is written of Caesonia's life. Suetonius says that when Caligula married her, she was neither beautiful nor young, and was already the mother of three daughters by another man. He describes her as a woman of reckless extravagance and wantonness, whom Caligula nonetheless loved passionately and faithfully.[1] According to Cassius Dio, the two entered into an affair some time before their marriage, either late in AD 39 or early in 40, and that the emperor's choice of a bride was an unpopular one.[2] The satirist Juvenal suggests that Caligula's madness was the result of a love potion administered to him by Caesonia.[3]

Claudius :

Plautia Urgulanilla

Plautia Urgulanilla (fl. 1st century) was the first wife of the future Roman Emperor Claudius. They married sometime around the year 9 AD when Claudius was 18 years old. According to Suetonius, Claudius divorced her in 24 on grounds of adultery by Plautia and his suspicions of her involvement in the murder of her sister-in-law Apronia.

Aelia Paetina

Aelia Paetina or Paetina (fl. early 1st century CE) was the second wife of the Roman Emperor Claudius. Her biological father was a consul of 4 CE, Sextus Aelius Catus while her mother is unknown.

Messalina

Died 48 (aged 31 or 28) Gardens of Lucullus, Rome, Roman Empire

Valeria Messalina,[1] sometimes spelled Messallina, (c. 17/20–48) was the third wife of the Roman Emperor Claudius. She was a paternal cousin of the Emperor Nero, a second-cousin of the Emperor Caligula, and a great-grandniece of the Emperor Augustus. A powerful and influential woman with a reputation for promiscuity, she allegedly conspired against her husband and was executed on the discovery of the plot. Her notorious reputation arguably results from political bias, but works of art and literature have perpetuated it into modern times.

Agrippina the Younger

(Latin: Julia Agrippina; 6 November AD 15 – 23 March AD 59),

Nero :

Claudia Octavia

Died 8 June AD 62 (age c. 22) Pandateria

Nero and Poppaea then banished Octavia to the Campania region, and eventually to the island of Pandateria (modern Ventotene) on a false charge of adultery with Nero's former tutor Anicetus. When Octavia complained about this treatment, her maids were tortured to death.

Octavia's banishment became so unpopular that the citizens of Rome protested loudly, openly parading through the streets with statues of Octavia decked with flowers and calling for her return. Nero (badly frightened) nearly agreed to remarry Octavia, but instead he signed her death warrant.

A few days later, Octavia was bound and her veins were opened in a traditional Roman suicide ritual. She was suffocated in an exceedingly hot vapor bath. Octavia’s head was cut off and sent to Poppaea. Her death brought much sorrow to Rome. According to Suetonius, years later Nero would have nightmares about his mother and Octavia.

Poppaea Sabina

Died AD 65 (age 35) Rome

Poppaea Sabina (AD 30 – AD 65)—known as Poppaea Sabina the Younger (to differentiate her from her mother) and, after AD 63, as Poppaea Augusta Sabina—was a Roman Empress as the second wife of the Emperor Nero. She had also been wife to the future Emperor Otho. The historians of antiquity describe her as a beautiful woman who used intrigues to become empress.

Statilia Messalina

Statilia Messalina (c. AD 35 – after AD 68) was a Roman patrician woman, a Roman Empress and third wife to Roman Emperor Nero.

Sporus

was a young boy whom the Roman Emperor Nero supposedly favored, had castrated, and married.

Pythagoras was a freedman

of the Roman emperor Nero, who married in a public ceremony in which the emperor took the role of bride.

- - two non-wives (except to the taste of François Hollande ...?)

????????? 9 consorts age unknown at death

22 28 28 34 35 44 48 53 56 86

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

22 28 31 34 35 44 48 53 56 86

Were Romans

considering women as the equals of men ...?

Galba :

Aemilia Lepida (1st century), wife of Galba

When Lepida lived, Agrippina the Younger (a widow after Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus' death) tried to make shameless advances to Galba who was devoted to his wife and thus completely uninterested. On one occasion Lepida’s mother gave Agrippina the Younger, while in the company of a whole bevy of married women, a public reprimand and slapped her in the face.

Otho :

Wife Poppaea Sabina (forced to divorce her by Nero) (see above, for lifespan)

Vitellius

Galeria Fundana

Galeria Fundana (c. 40 – aft. 69) was a Roman empress of the 1st century CE, the second wife of Roman emperor Vitellius.

Well, at least it seems that conjugal fidelity improved some after Julian Dynasty. But they are so much more into the shadow than Medieval Royal women. In the Middle Ages, c. 1200 - 1500, seeing so little female documentation is perhaps expected of a family of counts - not dukes, let alone kings or emperors. At least as far as England, Scotland, France, Germany (both Empire and Bohemian Kingdom) is concerned.

And note, while boys get "first names" (not really Christian ones, except Marc) where numerals are like used from Quintus on, girls are, as far as I found, numbered in, mostly, not, since only daughter, but sometimes "major" and "minor" and sometimes "prima", "secunda", "tertia" (it seems that the family with three named daughters had very little documentation on the first, so presumably she died very young.

In the Middle Ages, life expectancy for men and women is roughly equal, for the royalty I checked.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
St. John of the Cross
24.XI.2017

Text from "[Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul)" to "Died Spring of 325 (aged 61-62) Thessalonica" (of Licinius), except own comments on similarity to El Caudillo, and from "Cornelia (wife of Caesar)" to "in which the emperor took the role of bride", as well as the material on wives of Galba, Otho and Vitellius are from wikipedia.